SPRING QUARTER, 2006
Department of History
University of California, Irvine
Instructor: Dr. Barbara J. Becker
Week 9. Intelligence excerpt from
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CHARACTERS
HARRY DOMAIN, General Manager for Rossum's Universal Robots
HELENA GLORY, Daughter of Professor Glory, Oxbridge University
MARIUS, A Robot
SULLA, A Robotess
ON A REMOTE ISLAND
ACT I
Central Office of the Factory of ROSSUM'S UNIVERSAL ROBOTS. Entrance at the back on the right. The windows look out onto endless rows of factory buildings. DOMAIN is sitting in a revolving chair at a large "knee-hole" writing table on which stand an electric lamp, telephone, letter-weight, correspondence file, etc. On the left-hand wall hang large maps showing steamship and railway routes, a large calendar, and a clock indicating a few minutes before noon. On the right-hand wall are fastened printed placards:
"CHEAP LABOR. ROSSUM'S ROBOTS."
"ROBOTS FOR THE TROPICS. 150 DOLLARS EACH."
"EVERYONE SHOULD BUY HIS OWN ROBOT."
"DO YOU WANT TO CHEAPEN YOUR OUTPUT? ORDER ROSSUM'S ROBOTS":
more maps, shipping transport arrangements, etc. A tape machine showing rates of exchange stands in one corner. In contrast to these wall fittings, the floor is covered with a splendid Turkey carpet. On the right stand a round table, a sofa, leather armchair, and a bookshelf containing bottles of wine and spirits instead of books. Cashier's desk on the left. Next to DOMAIN'S table SULLA is typing letters.
DOMAIN: [Dictating] "We do not accept any liability for goods damaged in transit. When the consignment was shipped, we drew your Captain's attention to the fact that the vessel was unsuitable for the transportation of Robots. The matter is one for your own Insurance Company. We beg to remain, for Rossum's Universal Robots --" Finished?
SULLA: Yes.
DOMAIN: Another letter. "To the E.B. Hudson Agency, New York. Date. We beg to acknowledge receipt of order for five thousand Robots. As you are sending your own vessel, please dispatch as cargo briquettes for R.U.R., the same to be credited as part-payment of the amount due to us. We beg to remain --" Finished?
SULLA: [Typing the last word] Yes.
DOMAIN: "Friedrichswerke, Hamburg. Date. We beg to acknowledge receipt of order for fifteen thousand Robots."
[The house telephone rings. DOMAIN picks it up and speaks into it]
Hallo, this is the central office -- yes -- certainly. Oh, yes, as usual. Of course, send them a cable. Good. [Hangs up the telephone] Where did I leave off?
SULLA: We beg to acknowledge receipt of order of fifteen thousand R.
DOMAIN: [Thoughtfully] Fifteen thousand R. Fifteen thousand R.
MARIUS: [Entering] There's a lady, sir, asking to --
DOMAIN: Who is she?
MARIUS: I don't know, sir. She gave me this card.
DOMAIN: [Reads] Professor William Glory, St. Trydeswyde's, Oxbridge -- Ask her to come in.
MARIUS: [Opening the door] Please step this way, ma'am.
Enter HELENA GLORY
[Exit MARIUS
DOMAIN: [Standing up] What can I do for you, madam?
HELENA: You are Mr. Domain, the general manager.
DOMAIN: I am.
HELENA: I have come to you --
DOMAIN: With Professor Glory's card. That is sufficient.
HELENA: Professor Glory is my father. I am Helena Glory.
DOMAIN: Miss Glory, it is an unusual honour for us to be -- to be --
HELENA: Yes -- well.
DOMAIN: To be allowed to welcome the distinguished Professor's daughter. Please sit down. Sulla, you may go.
[Exit SULLA
[Sitting down] How may I be of service to you, Miss Glory?
HELENA: I have come here --
DOMAIN: To have a look at our factory where people are made. Like all visitors. Well, there's no objection.
HELENA: I thought it was forbidden --
DOMAIN: It is forbidden to enter the factory, of course. But everybody comes here with an introduction and then --
HELENA: And you show everybody --?
DOMAIN: Only certain things. The manufacture of artificial people is a secret process.
HELENA: If you only knew how enormously that --
DOMAIN: Interests me, you were going to say. Europe's talking about nothing else.
HELENA: Why don't you let me finish speaking?
DOMAIN: I beg your pardon. Did you want to say anything else?
HELENA: I only wanted to ask --
DOMAIN: Whether I could make a special exception in your case and show you our factory. Certainly, Miss Glory.
HELENA: How do you know that I wanted to ask you that?
DOMAIN: They all do. [Standing up] We shall consider it a special honour to show you more than the rest, because -- indeed -- I mean --
HELENA: Thank you.
DOMAIN: But you must not undertake to divulge the least --
HELENA: [Standing up and giving him her hand] My word of honour.
DOMAIN: Thank you. Won't you raise your veil?
HELENA: Oh, of course, you want to see me. I beg your pardon.
DOMAIN: What is it, please?
HELENA: Would you mind letting my hand go?
DOMAIN: [Releasing it] I beg your pardon.
HELENA: [Taking off her veil] You want to see whether I am a spy or not. How cautious you are!
DOMAIN: [Looking at her intently] H'm, of course -- we -- that is --
HELENA: You don't trust me?
DOMAIN: Oh, indeed, Miss Glory, I'm only too delighted. Weren't you lonely on the voyage?
HELENA: Why?
DOMAIN: Because -- I mean to say -- you're so young.
HELENA: Yes. Shall we go straight into the factory?
DOMAIN: Twenty-two, I think, eh?
HELENA: Twenty-two what?
DOMAIN: Years.
HELENA: Twenty-one. Why do you want to know?
DOMAIN: Because -- as -- [With enthusiasm] You'll make a long stay, won't you?
HELENA: That depends upon how much of the factory you show me.
DOMAIN: Oh, hang the factory. But you shall see everything, Miss Glory, indeed you shall. Please sit down. Would you like to hear the story of the invention?
HELENA: Yes, please. [Sits down.]
DOMAIN: Well, then. [Sits down with writing-table, looks at HELENA with rapture and reels off rapidly] It was the in the year 1922 that old Rossum the great physiologist, who was then quite a young scientist, betook himself to this distant island for the purpose of studying the ocean fauna, full stop. On this occasion he attempted by chemical synthesis to imitate the living matter known as protoplasm, until he suddenly discovered a substance which behaved exactly like living matter, although its chemical composition was different; that was in the year 1932, exactly 400 years after the discovery of America, whew!
HELENA: Do you know that by heart?
DOMAIN: Yes. Physiology, Miss Glory, is not my line. Shall I go on?
HELENA: Please do.
DOMAIN: [Solemnly] And then, Miss Glory, old Rossum wrote the following day in his book: "Nature has found only one method of organizing living matter. There is, however, another method more simple, flexible, and rapid, which has not yet occurred to nature at all. This second process by which life can be developed was discovered by me today." Imagine him, Miss Glory, writing those wonderful words. Imagine him sitting over a test-tube and thinking how the whole tree of life would grow from it, how animals would proceed from it, beginning with some sort of beetle and ending with man himself. A man of different substance from ours. Miss Glory, that was a tremendous moment.
HELENA: Go on, please.
DOMAIN: Now the thing was, how to get the life out of the test-tube and hasten development: to form organs, bones and nerves, and so on: to find such substances as catalytics, enzymes, hormones, and so forth, in short -- you understand?
HELENA: I don't know. Not much, I'm afraid.
DOMAIN: Never mind. You see, with the help of his tinctures he could make whatever he wanted. He could have produced a Medusa with the brain of a Socrates or a worm fifty yards long. But being without a grain of humour, he took it into his head to make a normal vertebrate. This artificial living matter of his had a raging thirst for life. It didn't mind being sewn up or mixed together. That, you'll admit, couldn't be done with natural albumen. And that's how he set about it.
HELENA: About what?
DOMAIN: About imitating nature. First of all he tried making an artificial dog. That took him several years and resulted in a sort of stunted calf which died in a few days. I'll show it you in the museum. And then old Rossum started on the manufacture of man. [Pause
HELENA: And I must divulge this to nobody?
DOMAIN: To nobody in this world.
HELENA: It's a pity that it can already be found in every school lesson book.
DOMAIN: Yes. [Jumps up from the table and sits down beside HELENA] But do you know what isn't in the lesson books? [Taps his forehead] That old Rossum was quite mad. Seriously, Miss Glory, you must keep this to yourself. The old crank actually wanted to make people.
HELENA: But you do make people.
DOMAIN: Synthetically, Miss Helena. But old Rossum meant it actually. He wanted to become a sort of scientific substitute for God, you know. He was a fearful materialist, and that's why he did it all. His sole purpose was nothing more or less than to supply proof that Providence was no longer necessary. So he took it into his head to make people exactly like us. Do you know anything about anatomy?
HELENA: Only a very little.
DOMAIN: So do I. Imagine then that he decided to manufacture everything as in the human body. I'll show you in the museum the bungling attempt it took him ten years to produce. It was to have been a man, but it lived for three days only. Then up came young Rossum, an engineer, the nephew of old Rossum. A wonderful fellow, Miss Glory. When he saw what a mess of it the old man was making, he said: "It's absurd to spend ten years making a man. If you can't make him quicker then nature, you may as well shut up shop." Then he set about learning anatomy himself.
HELENA: There's nothing about that in the lesson books.
DOMAIN: [Standing up] The lesson books are full of paid advertisement, and rubbish at that. For example, it says there that the Robots were invented by an old man. But it was young Rossum who had the idea of making living and intelligent working machines. What the lesson books say about the united efforts of the two great Rossums is all a fairy tale. They used to have dreadful rows. The old atheist hadn't the slightest conception of industrial matters, and the end of it was that young Rossum shut him up in some laboratory or other and let him fritter the time away with his monstrosities, while he himself started on the business from an engineer's point of view. Old Rossum cursed him, and before he died he managed to botch up two physiological horrors. Then one day they found him dead in the laboratory. That's the whole story.
HELENA: And what about the young man?
DOMAIN: Well, anyone who's looked into anatomy will have seen at once that man is too complicated and that a good engineer could make him more simply. So young Rossum began to overhaul anatomy and tried to see what could be left out or simplified. In short -- but this isn't boring you, Miss Glory?
HELENA: No; on the contrary, it's awfully interesting.
DOMAIN: So young Rossum said to himself: a man is something that, for instance, feels happy, plays the fiddle, likes going for walks, and, in fact, wants to do a whole lot of things that aren't really necessary.
HELENA: Oh!
DOMAIN: Wait a bit. That are unnecessary when he's wanted, let us say, to weave or count. Do you play the fiddle?
HELENA: No.
DOMAIN: That's a pity. But a working machine must not want to play the fiddle, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. A petrol motor must not have tassels or ornaments, Miss Glory. And to manufacture artificial workers is the same thing as to manufacture motors. The process must be of the simplest, and the product of the best from a practical point of view. What sort of worker do you think is the best from a practical point of view?
HELENA: The best? Perhaps the one who is most honest and hard-working.
DOMAIN: No, the cheapest. The one whose needs are the smallest. Young Rossum invented a worker with the minimum amount of requirements. He had to simplify him. He rejected everything that did not contribute directly to the progress of work. In this way he rejected everything that makes man more expensive. In fact, he rejected man and made the Robot. My dear Miss Glory, the Robots are not people. Mechanically they are more perfect than we are, they have an enormously developed intelligence, but they have no soul. Have you ever seen what a Robot looks like inside?
HELENA: Good gracious, no!
DOMAIN: Very neat, very simple. Really a beautiful piece of work. Not much in it, but everything in flawless order. The product of an engineer is technically at a higher pitch of perfection than a product of nature.
HELENA: Man is supposed to be the product of nature.
DOMAIN: So much the worse. Nature hasn't the least notion of modern engineering....
Rossum's Universal Robot factory don't produce a uniform brand of Robots. We have Robots of finer and coarser grades. The best will live about twenty years.
HELENA: Then they perish?
DOMAIN: Yes, they get used up....
Come here to the window. What do you see?
HELENA: Bricklayers.
DOMAIN: They are Robots. All our workpeople are Robots. And down there, can you see anything.
HELENA: Some sort of office.
DOMAIN: A counting-house. And in it --
HELENA: Clerks -- a lot of clerks.
DOMAIN: They are Robots. All our clerks are Robots.... In two hours I'll show you the kneading-trough.
HELENA: What kneading-trough?
DOMAIN: [Dryly] The pestles and mortar as it were for beating up the paste. In each one we mix the ingredients for a thousand Robots at one operation. Then there are the vats for the preparation of liver, brains, and so on. Then you'll see the bone factory. After that I'll show you the spinning-mill.
HELENA: What spinning-mill?
DOMAIN: For weaving nerves and veins. Miles and miles of digestive tubes pass through it at a stretch. Then there's the fitting-shed, where all the parts are put together, like motor-cars. Next comes the drying-kiln and the warehouse in which the new products work.
HELENA: Good gracious, do they have to work immediately?
DOMAIN: Well, you see, they work like any new appliance. They get used to existence. They sort of grow firm inside. We have to make a slight allowance for natural development. And in the meantime they undergo training.
HELENA: How is that done?
DOMAIN: It's much the same as going to school. They learn to speak, write, and count. They've astonishing memories, you know. If you were to read a twenty-volume Encyclopaedia to them, they'd repeat it all to you with absolute accuracy. But they never think of anything new. Then they're sorted out and distributed. Fifteen thousand daily, not counting a regular percentage of defective specimens which are thrown into the stamping-mill ... and so on -- and so on....
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