Eclecticism, Opportunism, and the Evolution
by Barbara J. Becker A Dissertation submitted to The Johns Hopkins University
|
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous, "God's Glory in the Heavens," Good Words 1 (1860): 23; 116; 161; 225; 289; 465; 513; 577; 625; 729. -----, "Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Thursday, June 20, 1861," Chemical News 4 (1861): 130-3. -----, "The Composition of the Solar Spectrum," Chemical News 4 (1861): 293. -----, "Professor [John] Narrien," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 21 (1861): 102-3. -----, "The Rev. William Rutter Dawes," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 29 (1869): 116-20. -----, "Account of the appropriation of the sum of £1000 annually voted by Parliament to the Royal Society (the Government Grant), to be employed in aiding the advancement of Science," Proceedings of the Royal Society 19 (1870): 135-45. -----, "Spiritualism and its Recent Converts," The Quarterly Review 131 (1871): 301-53. -----, "Angelo Secchi," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 39 (1879): 238-41. -----, "James Clerk Maxwell," Proceedings of the Royal Society 33 (1881): i-xvi. -----, "Charles Joseph Corbett," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44 (1884): 131. -----, "Joseph Baxendell," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 48 (1888): 157-60. -----, "Lewis Morris Rutherfurd," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 53 (1893): 229-31. -----, "Sir William Huggins," London Times (13 May 1910). -----, "Lady Margaret Huggins," Who Was Who: 1897-1916 (London, 1935). Abbott, F., "On the Variability of h Argûs and Surrounding Nebula," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1868): 266-8. -----, "Reply [to John F. W. Herschel]," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 31 (1871): 230. Abir-Am, Pnina G., "Noblesse Oblige: Lives of Molecular Biologists," Isis 82 (1991): 326-43. Abney, William de Wiveleslie, A Treatise on Photography, 10th ed., (Longmans, Green, & Co.: 1907). Ackland, William, "The Collodio-Albumen Process," Photographic Journal 3 (1856): 106-9. -----, "The Difficulties of the Dry Processes," Photographic Journal 6 (1860): 99-103. Adams, C. W., "William Allen Miller and William Hallowes Miller (A Note to the Early History of Spectroscopy)," Isis 34 (1943): 337-9. Airy, George Biddell, "President's Address," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3 (1836): 167-74. -----, "Address of the President on Presenting the Gold Medal," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 15 (1855): 148. -----, "Apparatus for the Observation of the Spectra of Stars," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 23 (1863): 188-91. -----, "Response to Col. Strange," Astronomical Register 10 (1972): 115. -----, "Proposed devotion of an observatory to observation of the phenomena of Jupiter's satellites," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 32 (1872): 80. Alic, Margaret, Hypatia's Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the late Nineteenth Century (The Women's Press: London, 1986). Allen, David Elliston, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History (Allen Lane: London, 1976). Alter, Peter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920, Angela Davies, trans. (Berg: Oxford, 1987). Ångström, A. J., Recherches sur le Spectre Solaire (W. Schiltz: Upsala, 1868). -----, Spectre Normal du Soleil (Berlin, 1869). Anstis, Frank Harold, "The Scientific Work of Sir William Huggins," M.Sc. thesis, University College, London, 1961. Baily, Francis, "Some Remarks on the Total Eclipse of the Sun, on July 8th, 1842," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5 (1839-1843): 208-14. [Ball, Robert S.], "Thomas Romney Robinson," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 43 (1883): 181-83. Ball, W. Valentine, ed., Reminiscences and Letters of Sir Robert Ball (Cassell & Co.: London, 1915). Barlow, Nora, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 (W. W. Norton & Co.: New York, 1958). Bartholomew, C. F., "The Discovery of the Solar Granulation," Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 17 (1976): 263-89. Barton, Ruth, "'An Influential Set of Chaps,': The X-Club and Royal Society Politics 1864-85," British Journal for the History of Science 23 (1990): 53-81. Bazerman, Charles, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1988). Becker, Bernard H., Scientific London (Appleton & Co.: New York, 1875). Bede, Cuthbert [Edward Bradley], Photographic Pleasures Popularly Portrayed with Pen & Pencil (T. McLean: London, 1855; reprinted by American Photographic Book Publishing Co.: New York, 1973). Beer, Gillian, "'The Death of the Sun': Victorian Solar Physics and Solar Myth," in The Sun is God: Painting, Literature and Mythology in the Nineteenth Century, J. B. Bullen, ed., (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989). Beeson, Gilbert, W., Influences on the Identification of Wives with the Air Force Organization: An Examination of theTwo-Person Career, Ph.D. dissertation (University of N. Carolina, 1986). Bennett, J. A., Church, State and Astronomy in Ireland: 200 Years of Armagh Observatory (Armagh Observatory: Armagh, 1990). Berman, Morris, "'Hegemony' and the Amateur Tradition in British Science," Journal of Social History 8 (1975): 30-50. Best, Geoffrey, Mid-Victorian Britain: 1851-1870 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson: London, 1971). Binfield, Clyde, Belmont's Portia's: Victorian Noncomformists and Middle-class Education for Girls (Dr. William's Trust: London, 1981). Birmingham, John, "The New Variable near e Coronae," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 26 (1866): 310. Birt, W. R., "On the Appearance of Saturn's Ring, 1862," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 22 (1862): 295. -----, "On the Crater Linné," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1868): 220. -----, "On the Crater Linné," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 29 (1869): 63. Blackmore, John, Ernst Mach: His Work, Life, and Influence (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1972). Bond, William Cranch, "Discovery of a new Satellite of Saturn," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9 (1848): 1-2. Booth, Charles, Life and Labour of the People in London, Vol. VII, (Macmillan & Co.: London, 1896). Brashear, John A., The Autobiography of A Man who Loved the Stars (American Society of Mechanical Engineers: New York, 1924). Brashear, Ronald S., "Radiant Heat in Astronomy, 1830-1880," Unpublished manuscript. Briggs, Asa, Victorian People: A Reassessment of Persons and Themes 1851-67 (University of Chicago: Chicago, 1973). Broadbent, Teresa M., personal communication to the author, 5 July 1991. Brodie, Frederick, "Note on the Telescopic Appearance of Mars," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 16 (1856): 204-5. Brown, Lieut., "Report of Observations of the Solar Eclipse," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 31 (1871): 52-9. Browning, John, "On a Spectroscope in which the Prisms are automatically adjusted to the minimum angle of deviation for the particular Ray under examination," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 30 (1870): 198-202. -----, "The Spectrum Microscope," Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London 12 (1872): 68-71. Brück, Hermann A., and Maire T. Brück, The Peripatetic Astronomer: The Life of Charles Piazzi Smyth (Adam Hilger: Bristol, 1988). Brück, Maire, personal communication to the author, 17 October 1991. -----, personal communication to the author, 8 May 1992. Brück, Maire T., and Ian Elliott, "The Family Background of Lady Huggins (Margaret Lindsay Huggins)," Irish Astronomical Journal 20 (1992): 210-1. Brück, Mary T., "Companions in Astronomy, Margaret Lindsay Huggins and Agnes Mary Clerke," Irish Astronomical Journal 20 (1991): 70-7. Brush, Stephen G., "Looking Up: The Rise of Astronomy in America," American Studies 20 (1979): 58-9. Bud, Robert, and Gerrylynn K. Roberts, Science versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain (Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1984). Buijs Ballot, Christoph Hendrik Diedrik, "Akustische Versuche auf der Niederländischen Eisenbahn nebst gelegentlichen Bemerkungen zur Theorie des Hrn. Prof. Doppler," Annalen der Physik und Chimie 66 (1845): 321-51. Burnett, J. E., and A. D. Morrison-Low, "Vulgar and Mechanick": The Scientific Instrument Trade in Ireland 1650-1921 (Royal Dublin Society: Dublin, 1989). Burnham, Robert, Burnham's Celestial Handbook, 3 vols. (Dover: New York, 1978). Burr, T. W., "Spectrum Analysis Applied to the Stars," Astronomical Register 2 (1864): 73-4. -----, "Spectrum Analysis of the Stars and Nebulae," Astronomical Register 2 (1864): 253-6. Burstyn, Joan N., Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood (Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, 1984). Cameron, Julia Margaret, Victorian Photographs of Famous Men & Fair Women, Tristram Powell, ed. (D. R. Godine: Boston, 1973). Campbell, Lewis, and William Garnett, The Life of James Clerk Maxwell (Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York, 1969). Campbell, William Wallace, "Sir William Huggins," Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution (1910): 307-17. -----, A Brief Account of the Lick Observatory of the University of California, 7th ed., (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1927). Cannon, Susan F., Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period. Capron, J. Rand, Photographed Spectra (E. & F. N. Spon: London, 1877). Cardwell, D. S. L., The Organisation of Science in England (Heinemann: London, 1972). Carpenter, William B., "Spectrum Analysis," Good Words 14 (1873): 356-64; 528-31. -----, The Microscope and its Revelations (Lindsay & Blakiston: Philadelphia, 1876). Carr-Saunders, A. M., and P. A. Wilson, The Professions (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1933). Chambers, George F., A Handbook of Descriptive Astronomy, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1877). Chambers, Robert, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (John Churchill: London, 1844). Chapman, Alan, "Sir George Airy (1801-1892) and the Concept of International Standards, Timekeeping and Navigation," Vistas in Astronomy 28 (1985): 321-8. Chapman, D. C., "Astronomical Photography," The British Journal of Photography 22 (1875): 630-1. [Christie, W. H. M.], "Dr. Huggins' Method of Photographing the Solar Corona without an Eclipse," Report of the Council, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 43 (1883): 231-2. Clarke, T., "The Beer and Albumen Process," The British Journal of Photography 22 (1875): 221-2. Clerke, Agnes M., A Popular History of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century, 2nd ed., (Macmillan & Co.: New York, 1887). -----, "William Allen Miller," Dictionary of National Biography 37, Sidney Lee, ed. (Macmillan & Co.: New York, 1894): 429-30. -----, "William Huggins," Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., 13: 856-7. Cohen, Robert S. and Thomas Schnell, eds., Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck (Reidel: Dordrecht, 1986). Coleman, James S., Community Conflict (The Free Press: New York, 1957). Coleman, William R., Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function and Transformation (Wiley: New York, 1971). Collins, Harry, "The Place of the Core-Set in Modern Science: Social Contingency with Methodological Propriety in Science," History of Science 19: 6-19. Comte, Auguste, Cours de Philosophie Positive Vol II, 2nd ed., (J. B. Baillière: Paris, 1864). In English translation: The Positive Philosophy of august Comte Vol I, Harriet Martineau, trans. (George Bell: London, 1896). Cowell, Frank Richard, The Athenaeum: Club and Social Life in London 1824-1974 (Heinemann: London, 1975). Crary, Jonathan, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (MIT Press: Cambridge, 1990). Crookes, William, "Early Researches on the Spectra of Artificial Light from Different Sources," Chemical News 3 (1861): 184-5; 261-3; 303-7. -----, "On the Existence of a New element probably of the Sulphur Group," Chemical News 3 (1861): 193-5. -----, "The Total Solar Eclipse of August Last," The Quarterly Journal of Science 7 (1870): 28-43. [Crookes, William], "Psychic force and Modern Spiritualism: A reply to the 'Quarterly Review,' Quarterly Journal of Science (1872): 3-24. Croswell, Ken, "Will the Lion Roar Again?" Astronomy 19 (November, 1991): 44-9. Crouzet, François, The Victorian Economy (Columbia University Press: New York, 1982). Crowther, James G., Statesmen of Science (Dufour: Bristol, 1966). Curtis, S. J., History of Education in Great Britain (University Tutorial Press: London, 1948). D'Albe, Edmund E. Fournier, The Life of Sir William Crookes (T. Fisher Unwin: London, 1923). Daniels, George H. "The Process of Professionalization in American Science: The Emergent Period, 1820-60," Isis 58 (1967): 151-66. Davies, Emily, The Higher Education of Women, Janet Howarth, ed. (Hambledon: London, 1866; 1988). Dawes, Rev. William Rutter, "Saturnian Phenomena," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 22 (1862): 297-9. Dawson, George, A Manual of Photography founded on Hardwich's Photographic Chemistry, 8th ed., (J. A. Churchill: London, 1873). De La Rue, Warren, "On the Markings on the Scales of Amathusia Horsfieldii," The Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society of London 1 (1844): 36-40. -----, "Report on the present state of Celestial Photography in England," Report of the British Association -- Aberdeen (1859): 130-53. -----, "The President's Address," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 25 (1864): 1-17. -----, "On some Attempts to render the Luminous Prominences of the Sun visible without the use of the Spectroscope," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 30 (1869): 22-4. de Solla Price, Derek, Little Science, Big Science (Columbia University Press: New York, 1963). de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, "Discovering M31's Sprial Shape," Sky and Telescope 74 (1987): 595-8. DeVorkin, David H., An Astronomical Symbiosis: Stellar Evolution and Spectral Classification (1860-1910), PhD. dissertation, University of Leicester, 1978. -----, "W. W. Campbell's Spectroscopic Study of the Martian Atmosphere," Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 18 (1977): 37-53. -----, "Community and Spectral Classification in Astrophysics: The Acceptance of E. C. Pickering's System in 1910," Isis 72 (1981): 29-49. Dewhirst, David, "The Greenwich-Cambridge Axis," Vistas in Astronomy 20 (1976): 109-11. Dingle, Herbert, "A Hundred Years of Spectroscopy," British Journal for the History of Science 1 (1967): 199-216. Donati, Giovanni Battista, "Memorie Astronomische," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 23 (1863): 100-7. Originally published in the Annals of the Museum at Florence, 1862. Donkin, Alice, "Margaret Lindsay Huggins," The Englishwoman (May, 1915): 152-9. Donnelly, Marian Card, A Short History of Observatories (University of Oregon Books: Eugene OR, 1973). Doppler, Christian, "Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne and einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels," Boehm. Gesell. Abh. ii (1841-2): 465. Douglas-Smith, A. E., The City of London School (Blackwell: Oxford, 1965). Draper, Henry, Research Notebook XI, in the collection of the Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. -----, "Photographs of the Spectra of Venus and a Lyrae," American Journal of Science, 3rd Series, 13 (1877): 95. Reprinted in Philosophical Magazine, 5th Series, 3 (1877): 238. -----, "On Photographs of the Spectrum of the Nebula in Orion," American Journal of Science, 3rd Series 23 (1882): 339-41. Dreyer, J. L. E., H. H. Turner, et al, History of the Royal Astronomical Society 1820-1920 (Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, 1987; originally published Wheldon & Wesley: London, 1923). Dunkin, Edward, "President's Address on Presenting the Gold Medal of the Society to William Huggins," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 45 (1885): 277-93. [Dunkin, Edward], "Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Strange," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 37 (1877): 154-9. Dupré, F. W., and A., "On the Existence of a Fourth Member of the Calcium Group of Metals," Chemical News 3 (1861): 116-7. Dyos, Harold J., Victorian Suburb: A Study of the Growth of Camberwell (University Press: Leicester, 1973). [Dyson, F. W.], "Sir William Huggins," Proceedings of the Royal Society 86A (1910): i-xix. Edge, David O., and Michael J. Mulkay, Astronomy Trnasformed: The Emergence of Radio Astronomy in Britain (John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1976). Elliot, Ian, personal communication to the author, 3 October 1991. Evans, Eric J., The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain 1783-1870 (Longman: London, 1983). Everitt, Alan, Perspectives in English Urban History (Harper & Row: New York, 1973). Felten, James E., "Light Echoes of Nova Persei 1901," Sky and Telescope 81 (1991): 153-7. Flammarion, Camille, La Planète Mars et ses Conditions D'Habilité (Gauthier-Villars et Fils: Paris, 1892). [Fowler, A.], "Sir Norman Lockyer," Proceedings of the Royal Society 104 (1920): i-xiv. Fraunhofer, J., "Kurzer Bericht von den Resultaten neuerer Versuch über die Gesetze des Lichtes, und die Theorie derselben," Gilbert's Annalen 74 (1823): 337-78. This appeared later in English translation: "A short account of the results of recent experiments upon the laws of light, and its theory," Edinburgh Journal of Science 7 (1827): 101-13, 251-62, and 8 (1828): 7-10. G. J. W., "Solar Spectrum," Astronomical Register 8 (1870): 64. Gassiot, John P., "On Spectrum Analysis; with a Description of a large Spectroscope having nine Prisms, and Achromatic Telescopes of two feet focal power," Proceedings of the Royal Society 12 (1863): 536-8. Geison, Gerald L., "Scientific Change, Emerging Specialties, and Research Schools," History of Science 19 (1981): 20-40. Gieryn, Thomas F., and Richard F. Hirsh, "Marginality and Innovation in Science," Social Studies of Science 13 (1983): 87-106. Gill, David, "Address on receipt of the McClean Gift to the Cape Observatory," Observatory 24 (1901): 397-403. Gill, Mrs. [Isobel], Six Months in Ascension: An Unscientific Account of a Scientific Expedition (John Murray: London, 1880). Giltay, K. M., "On Spectrum Analysis," Chemical News 4 (1861): 328-9. Gingerich, Owen, ed., Astrophysics and Twentieth Century Astronomy to 1950: Part A (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984). Gladstone, John H., "Notes on the Atmospheric Lines of the solar Spectrum, and on certain Spectra of Gases," Chemical News 4 (1861): 140-2. Goldberg, Leo, and Lawrence H. Aller, Atoms, Stars and Nebulae (Blakiston Co.: Philadelphia, 1943). Grandeau, Louis, Instruction Pratique sur L'Analyse Spectrale (Mallet-Bachelier: Paris, 1863). Grant, Robert, History of Physical Astronomy (Johnson Reprint Corporation: New York, 1966; originally published, Henry G. Bohn: London, 1852). [Gregory, Richard A.], "Sir William Huggins," Nature 83 (1910): 342-3. Grossmith, George, and Weedon Grossmith, The Diary of a Nobody (Arrowsmith: Bristol, 1892). Grubb, Howard, "Automatic Spectroscope for Dr. Huggins' Sun Observations," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 31 (1870): 36-8. Hagstrom, Warren O., The Scientific Community (University of Southern Illinois Press: Carbondale, 1965). Hale, George Ellery, The Study of Stellar Evolution: An Account of some Recent Methods of Astrophysical Research (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1908). -----, "The Work of Sir William Huggins," Astrophysical Journal 37 (1913): 145-53. Hall, Angelo, An Astronomer's Wife: The Biography of Angeline Hall (Nunn & Co.: Baltimore, 1908). Hall, Marie Boas, All Scientists Now: The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984). Halley, Edmund, "Considerations on the Change of Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt Stars," Philosophical Transactions 30 (1718): 736-8. Hard, Arnold Henry, The Story of Rayon and other Synthetic Textiles (United Trade Press Ltd.: London, 1939). Hargens, Lowell L., Nicholas C. Mullins, and Pamela K. Hecht, "Research Areas and Stratification Processes in Science," Social Studies of Science 10 (1980): 55-74. Harrison, J. Park, "Inductive Proof of the Moon's Insolation," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1868): 29. Harrison, John F. C., The Early Victorians 1832-1851 (Praeger: New York, 1971). Heathcote, Bernard V., and Pauline F., "The Feminine Influence: Aspects of the Role of Women in the Evolution of Photography in the British Isles," History of Photography 12 (1988): 259-73. Herrmann, Dieter, The History of Astronomy from Herschel to Hertzsprung (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984). Herschel, John F. W., "Presidential address on presenting the Gold Medal to Francis Baily," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1 (1827): 14-20. -----, "On the Increase of Magnitude in h Argûs," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4 (1836-1839): 121. -----, Outlines of Astronomy (Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts: London, 1849). -----, "Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars," Philosophical Transactions 154 (1864): 1-137. -----, "On Light," Good Words 6 (1865): 358-64. -----, "On a possible Method of viewing the Red Flames without an Eclipse," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 29 (1868): 5-6. -----, "On the variable star h Argûs and its surrounding nebula," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1868): 225-9. -----, "Remarks on Mr. Abbott's paper on h Argûs," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 31 (1871): 228. -----, Outlines of Astronomy, 11th ed. (Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts: London, 1871). Herschel, John F. W., and Lieut. J. Herschel, "The great nebula round h Argûs, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 29 (1869): 82. Herschel, Lieut. John, "The Great Eclipse of the Sun. I," The Engineer 6 (1868): 345-6. Herschel, William, "Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars," Philosophical Transactions 76 (1786): 457-99. -----, "Catalogue of a second Thousand of new Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; with a few introductory Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens," Philosophical Transactions 79 (1789): 212-55. -----, "On Nebulous Stars, properly so called," Philosophical Transactions 131 (1791): 71-88. -----, "Catalogue of 500 new Nebulae," Philosophical Transactions 92 (1802): 477-528. -----, "Astronomical Observations relating to the Construction of the Heavens," Philosophical Transactions 101 (1811): 269-336. Hetherington, Norriss S., Science and Objectivity: Episodes in the History of Astronomy (Iowa State University Press: Ames, 1988). Heyck, Thomas William, The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England (London, 1982). Heysinger, Isaac Winter, The Source and Mode of Solar Energy throughout the Universe (Lippincott: Philadelphia, 1895). Hiebert, Erwin N., "Ernst Mach," Dictionary of Scientific Biography 8 (Scribner & Son: New York, 1970): 595-607. Hirsh, Richard F., "The Riddle of the Gaseous Nebulae," Isis 70 (1979): 197-212. Hodgkins, Louise Manning, "Lady Huggins: Astronomer," The Christian Advocate (21 October 1915): 1417-8. Hogg, Helen Sawyer, "Variable Stars," in Astrophysics and Twentieth-century Astronomy to 1950: Part A, Owen Gingerich, ed. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984): 73-89. Holmes, Frederic L., "Scientific Writing and Scientific Discovery," Isis 78 (1987): 220-35. Hoskin, Michael A., William Herschel and the Construction of the Heavens (W. W. Norton & Co.: New York, 1963). -----, "Apparatus and ideas in mid-nineteenth-century cosmology," in A. Beer, ed., New Aspects in the history and philosophy of astronomy (Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1967): 79-85. Hufbauer, Karl, Exploring the Sun: Solar Science since Galileo (The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1991). -----, "Amateurs and the Rise of Astrophysics 1840-1910," Berichte zu Wissenschaftsgeschichte 9 (1986): 183-90. Huggins, Margaret, "... Teach me how to name the ... light," Astrophysical Journal 8 (1898): 54. Hughes, Jabez, "Photography as an Industrial Occupation for Women," The British Journal of Photography 20 (1873): 222-3. Hunt, Robert, A Manual of Photography (J. J. Griffin & Co.: London, 1853). Inkster, Ian, and Jack Morrell, Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture, 1780-1850 (Hutchinson: London, 1983). James, Frank A. J. L., "Lockyer as astronomer," Nature 225 (1970): 230-32. -----, The Early Development of Spectroscopy and Astrophysics, Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, 1981. -----, "Thermodynamics and Sources of Solar Heat, 1846-1862," British Journal for the History of Science 15 (1982): 155-81. -----, "The conservation of energy, theories of absorption and resonating molecules, 1851-1854: G.G. Stokes, A. J. Angstrom and W. Thomson," Notes and records of the Royal Society of London 38 (1983): 79-107. -----, "The debate on the nature of the absorption of light, 1830-1835," History of Science 21 (1983): 335-68. -----, "The establishment of spectro-chemical analysis as a practical method of qualitative analysis, 1854-1861," Ambix 30 (1983): 30-53. -----, "The Study of Spark Spectra, 1835-1859," Ambix 30 (1983): 137-62. -----, "The Creation of a Victorian Myth: The Historiography of Spectroscopy," History of Science 23 (1985): 1-24. -----, "The Discovery of Line Spectra," Ambix 32 (1985): 53-70. -----, "Spectro-chemistry and Myth: A rejoinder," History of Science (1986) 24: 433-37. -----, "The Tales of Benjamin Abbott: A Source for the Early Life of Michael Faraday," British Journal for the History of Science 25 (1992): 229-40. Janssen, M., "On the Solar Protuberances," Proceedings of the Royal Society 17 (1868): 276-7. -----, "The Total Solar Eclipse of August 1868. I & II," Astronomical Register 7 (1869): 107-10; 131-4. Kargon, Robert H., "Arthur Schuster," Dictionary of Scientific Biography 12 (Scribner & Son: New York, 1970): 237-9. -----, Science in Victorian Manchester: Enterprise and Expertise (Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1977). Kauvar, Gerald B., and Gerald C. Sorenson, The Victorian Mind (Cassell: London, 1969). Keeler, James E., "Spectroscopic Observations of Nebulae made at Mount Hamilton, California," Publications of the Lick Observatory 3 (1894). King, Henry C., The History of the Telescope (Charles Griffin & Co.: London, 1955). Kirchhoff, Gustav, "Über die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte Akad. Wissen. Berlin (1859): 662-5. English translation: "On the simultaneous emission and absorption of rays of the same definite refrangibility," Philosophical Magazine, 4th Series., 21 (1860): 195-6. -----, "Contributions towards the History of Spectrum Analysis and of the Analysis of the Solar Atmosphere," Philosophical Magazine, 4th Series, 25 (1863): 250-62. Kirchhoff, Gustav, and Robert Bunsen, Chemical Analysis by Spectrum-observations," Philosophical Magazine, 4th Series, 20 (1860): 89-109. Klinkerfues, W., "Fernere Mittheilungen über den Einfluss der Bewegung der Lichtquelle auf die Brechbarkeit eines Strahls," Nachr. K. G. der W. zu Göttingen, No. 4 (1866): 33. Knight, D. M., "The Vital Flame," Ambix 23 (1976): 5-15. [Knobel, E. B.], "Warren De La Rue," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 50 (1890): 155-64. Kohler, Robert, From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Chemistry (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1982). Krisciunas, Kevin, Astronomical Centers of the World (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1988). Lankford, John, "Amateur versus Professional: The Transatlantic Debate over the Measurement of Jovian Longitude,: Journal of the British Astronomical Association 89 (1979): 574-82. -----, "A Note on T. J. J. See's Observations of Craters on Mercury," Journal for the History of Astronomy 11 (1980). -----, "Amateurs and Astrophysics: A Neglected Aspect in the Development of a Scientific Specialty," Social Studies of Science 11 (1981): 275-303. -----, "Amateurs versus Professionals: The Controversy over Telescope Size in Late Victorian Science," Isis 72 (1981): 11-28. -----, "The Impact of Photography on Astronomy," in Owen Gingerich, ed., Astrophysics and Twentieth Century Astronomy to 1950 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984). Laplace, Pierre Simon de, Exposition du système du monde, 2 vols. (Cercle Social: Paris, 1796). Larmor, Joseph, ed., Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of the Late Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Vols. I and II (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1971; 1907). Lassell, William, "Discovery of a new Satellite of Saturn," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8 (1848): 195-7. -----, "On a satellite of Neptune," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11 (1850): 61-2. Lee, John, "Address delivered by the President, Dr. Lee, on presenting the Gold Medal of the Society to Mr. Warren De La Rue," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 22 (1862): 131-40. Lemaine, Gérard, Roy McLeod, et al., eds, Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines (Mouton: The Hague, 1976). Lockyer, J. Norman, "Note on Communication of a Note on the 'Lines in the Spectra of some of the Fixed Stars'," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 23 (1863): 179-80. -----, "Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun," Proceedings of the Royal Society 15 (1866): 256-8. -----, "Notice of an Observation of the Spectrum of a Solar Prominence," Proceedings of the Royal Society 17 (1868): 91-2. -----, "Spectroscopic Observation of the 'Red Prominences' without an Eclipse of the Sun," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 29 (1869): 162-3. -----, "Note on a Paper by Mr. Huggins," Astronomical Register 7 (1869): 42. -----, The Spectroscope and Its Applications (Macmillan & Co: London, 1873). -----, "On Spectrum Photography," Nature 10 (1874): 109-12; 254-6. -----, Contributions to Solar Physics (Macmillan & Co.: London, 1874). -----, Studies in Spectrum Analysis (Appleton & Co.: New York, 1878). -----, Chemistry of the Sun (Macmillan & Co.: London, 1887). -----, "Researches on the Spectra of Meteorites," Proceedings of the Royal Society 43 (1887): 117-56. -----, "Researches on the Spectra of Meteorites. A Report to the Solar Physics Committee," Proceedings of the Royal Society 43 (1887): 133-9. -----, "Suggestions on the Classification of the various Species of Heavenly Bodies -- The Bakerian Lecture," Proceedings of the Royal Society 44 (1888): 1-93. -----, "Appendix to Bakerian Lecture: Suggestions on the classification of the various species of heavenly bodies," Proceedings of the Royal Society 45 (1889): 157-262. -----, "On the Chief Line of the Spectrum of the Nebulae," Proceedings of the Royal Society 48 (1890): 167-98. -----, The Meteoritic Hypothesis: A Statement of the Results of a Spectroscopic Inquiry into the Origin of Cosmical Systems (Macmillan & Co.: London, 1890). -----, Recent and Coming Eclipses: Being Notes on the Total solar Eclipses of 1893, 1896, and 1898 (Macmillan & Co.: London, 1897). -----, Inorganic Evolution: As Studied by Spectrum Analysis (Macmillan & Co.: London, 1900). Love, E. F. J., "On a method of discriminating real from accidental coincidences between lines of different spectra," Philosophical Magazine 5th Series, 25 (1888): 1-6. Lyons, Henry G., The Royal Society 1660-1940: A History of its Administration under its Charters (Greenwood Press: New York, 1968). Mack, Edward C., Public Schools and British Opinion 1780 to 1860 (Methuen & Co.: London, 1936). -----, Public Schools and British Opinion since 1860 (Columbia University Press: New York, 1941). MacLeod, Roy M., "The Royal Society and the Government Grant: Notes on the Administration of Scientific Research, 1849-1914," Historical Journal 14 (1971): 323-58. -----, "Of Medals and Men: A Reward System in Victorian Science 1826-1914," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 26 (1971): 81-105. -----, "Resources of Science in Victorian England: The Endowment of Science Movement, 1868-1900," in Science and Society 1600-1900, Peter Alter, ed., (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1972). Mädler, J. H., "On the Crater Linné," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 27 (1867): 303. Malmgreen, Gail, Silk Town: Industry and Culture in Macclesfield, 1750-1835 (Hull University Press: Hull, 1985). Mason, Joan, "Hertha Ayrton (1854-1923) and the Admission of Women to the Royal Society of London," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 45 (1991): 201-20. -----, "Women in Science: Breaking Out of the Circle," Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 46 (1992): 177-82. Mathias, Peter, ed., Science and Society 1600-1900 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1972). Maunder, E. Walter, Sir William Huggins and Spectroscopic Astronomy, (T. C. and E. C. Jack: London, 1913). May, Trevor, An Economic and Social History of Britain 1760-1970 (Longman: New York, 1987). McGucken, William, Nineteenth Century Spectroscopy: Development of the Understanding of Spectra 1802-1897 (The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1969). McRae, Robert James, The Origin of the Conception of the Continuous Spectrum of Heat and Light, Ph.D. dissertation (University of Wisconson, 1969). Meadows, A. J., Early Solar Physics (Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1970). -----, Science and Controversy: A Biography of Sir Norman Lockyer (MIT Press: Cambridge, 1972). -----, Greenwich Observatory, Volume 2: Recent History (1836-1975) (Taylor & Francis: London, 1975). -----, "The Airy Era," Vistas in Astronomy 20 (1976): 197-201. -----, "The Origins of Astrophysics," in Owen Gingerich, ed., Astrophysics and Twentieth Century Astronomy to 1950: Part A (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984): 3-15. -----, "The New Astronomy," in Owen Gingerich, ed., Astrophysics and Twentieth Century Astronomy to 1950: Part A (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984): 59-72. Meadows, A. J., and J. E. Kennedy, "The Origin of Solar-Terrestrial Studies," Vistas in Astronomy 25 (1981). Meinel, Aden, and Margorie Meinel, Sunsets, Twilights, and Evening Skies (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1983). Middleton, Nigel, and Sophia Weitzman, A Place for Everyone: A History of State Education from the End of the 18th Century to the 1970s (Victor Gollancz: London, 1976). Mill, John Stuart, Inaugural Address, Delivered to the University of St. Andrews, Feb. 1st 1867 (Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer: London, 1867). Miller, William Allen, "Experiments and observations on some cases of lines in the prismatic spectrum produced by the passage of light through coloured vapours and gases, and from certain coloured flames," Philosophical Magazine 27 (1845): 81-91. Reprinted in Chemical News 3 (1861): 304-7. -----, "On action of gases on the prismatic spectrum," The Chemist 6 (1845): 404. -----, "On the Action of Gases on the Prismatic Spectrum," Report of the British Association -- Cambridge (1845): 28-9. -----, Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, 2nd ed., (John W. Parker & son: London, 1860). -----, "Address to the Chemistry Section," Report of the British Association --Manchester (1861): 75-6. Lengthy summary given in Chemical News 4 (1861): 159-61. -----, "On Spectrum Analysis," Pharmaceutical Journal, 2nd Series, 3 (1862): 399-412. Reprinted in Chemical News 5 (1862): 201-3; 214-8. -----, "On the Photographic Transparency of Various Bodies, and on the Photographic Effects of Metallic and Other Spectra Obtained by Means of the Electric Spark," Philosophical Transactions 152 (1862): 861-87. Mills, Charles E., and C. F. Brooke, A Sketch of the Life of Sir William Huggins (Times Printing Works: Richmond, 1936). Mitchell, Sally, ed., Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia (Garland: New York, 1988). Moigno, L'Abbé, Le Révérend Père Secchi, sa Vie (Gauthier-Villars: Paris, 1879). Morgan, Julie, "The Huggins Archives at Wellesley College," Journal for the History of Astronomy 11 (1980): 147. Morren, M., "On Spectrum Analysis," Chemical News 4 (1861): 302-3. Mulkay, Michael, "Three Models of Scientific Development," Sociological Review 23: 509-26. -----, "Model of Branching," Sociological Review 24: 125-33. Mulkay, Michael and David Edge, Astronomy Transformed: The Emergence of Radio Astronomy in Britain (John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1976). Nagi, Saad Z., and Ronald G. Corwin, The Social Contexts of Research (Wiley & Sons: London, 1972). Narrien, John, An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy (Baldwin & Cradock: London, 1833). Newall, H. F., "Sir William Huggins," Science Progress 5 (1910): 173-90. -----, "Dame Margaret Lindsay Huggins," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 76 (1916): 278-82. [Newall, H. F.], "William Huggins," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 71 (1911): 261-70. Newcomb, Simon, The Reminiscences of an Astronomer (Riverside Press: Cambridge, 1903). Newhall, Beaumont, The History of Photography from 1839 to the Present Day (New York, 1964). Nichol, John Pringle, Views of the Architecture of the Heavens (William Tait: Edinburg, 1837). Norberg, Arthur L., "Simon Newcomb's Early Astronomical Career," Isis 69 (1978): 209-25. Norman, Daniel, "The Development of Astronomical Photography," Osiris 5 (1938): 560-94. North, Sheryl J., "The Telescope Widow Syndrome, Sky and Telescope 80 (1990): 228. Numbers, Ronald L., Creation by Natural Law: Laplace's Nebular Hypothesis in American Thought (University of Washington Press: Seattle, 1977) Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey, "Marital Collaboration: An Approach to Science," in Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science 1789-1979 Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, eds., (Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, 1989). Olsen, Donald J., The Growth of Victorian London (Holmes & Meier: New York, 1976). Olson, Roberta J. M., Fire and Ice: A History of Comets in Art (Walker & Co.: New York, 1985). Osterbrock, Donald E., James E. Keeler: Pioneer American Astrophysicist and the Early Development of American Astrophysics (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984). -----, "The Rise and Fall of Edward S. Holden. Parts I and II," Journal for the History of Astronomy 15 (1984): 81-127; 151-76. -----, "Failure and Success: Two Early Experiments with Concave Gratings in Stellar Spectroscopy," Journal for the History of Astronomy 17 (1986): 119-29. Osterbrock, Donald E., John R. Gustafson, W. J. Shiloh Unruh, Eye on the Sky: Lick Observatory's First Century (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1988). Ottewell, Guy, The Under-standing of Eclipses (Astronomical Workshop: Greenville, 1991). Pang, Alex S., Spheres of Interest: Imperialism, Culture, and Practice in British Solar Eclipse Expeditions 1860-1914, PhD. dissertation (University of Pennsylvania, 1991). Pannekoek, Antonie, A History of Astronomy (Interscience Publishers: New York, 1961). Papanek, Hanna, "Men, Women, and Work: Reflections on the Two-Person Career," American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 852-72. Peck, H. T., ed., The International Cyclopedia: A compendium of Human Knowledge (Dood, Mead & Co.: New York 1898). Perkin, Harold, The Origins of Modern English Society: 1780-1880 (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1969). Pickering, William H., "An attempt to photograph the corona," Science 5 (1885): 266-7. -----, "An attempt to photograph the corona," Science 6 (1886): 131-3. Plotkin, Howard Neil, Henry Draper: A Scientific Biography (Ph.D. dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1972). -----, "Henry Draper, the Discovery of Oxygen in the Sun and the Dilemma of Interpreting the Solar Spectrum," Journal for the History of Astronomy 8 (1977): 44-51. ------, personal communication to the author, 4 March 1992. Porter, Theodore, The Rise of Statistical Thinking (Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1986). Powell, Tristram, ed., Victorian Photographs of Famous Men & Fair Women (Boston, 1973). Pritchard, Ada, Charles Pritchard: Memoirs of his Life (Seeley and Co.: London, 1897). Pritchard, Charles, "On the Telescope, its Modern Form, and the Difficulties of its Construction," Proceedings of the Royal Institution 4 (1866): 641-4. -----, "President's Address on Presenting the Gold Medal to Mr. Huggins and Prof. Miller," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 27 (1867): 146-65. -----, "A True Story of the Atmosphere of a World on Fire," Good Words 8 (1867): 249-56. -----, "Perceiving without Seeing," Good Words 10 (1869): 45-53. -----, "Stars and Lights; or, the Structure of the Sidereal Heavens -- V. The Arrival of Herschel's Faithful Assistant," Good Words 10 (1869): 609-14. -----, "Historical Sketch of Solar Eclipses," Good Words 12 (1871): 628-37. [Pritchard, Charles], "Thomas Cooke," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 29 (1869): 130-5. -----, "John F. W. Herschel," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 32 (1872): 122-42. Proctor, Richard A., "A Giant Sun," Good Words 13 (1872): 98-104. -----, "Theoretical considerations respecting the corona. Parts I and II," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 31 (1871): 184-94; 254-62. Ranyard, Arthur C., "On the Connection between Photographic Action, the Brightness of the Luminous Object and the Time of Exposure, as applied to Celestial Photography," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 46 (1886): 305-9. Rayner-Canham, M. F., and G. W. Rayner-Canham, "Pioneer Women in Nuclear Science," American Journal of Physics 58 (1990): 1036-43. Reynolds, Osborne, "The Tails of Comets, the Solar Corona, and the Aurora, considered as Electric Phenomena. Parts I and II," Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester Series 3, 6 (1870): 44-52; 53-6. Robinson, Thomas Romney, "On Spectra of Electric Light, as modified by the Nature of the Electrodes and the Media of Discharge," Philosophical Transactions 152 (1862): 939-86. Robinson, Thomas Romney, and Thomas Grubb, "Description of the Great Melbourne Telescope," Philosophical Transactions 159 (1869): 127-61. Roderick, Gordon W., The Emergence of a Scientific Society (Macmillan: London, 1967). Roper, Michael, and John Tosh, Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (Routledge: London, 1991). Roscoe, Henry E., "On Bunsen and Kirchhoff's Spectrum Observations," Proceedings of the Royal Institution (1861). ----- , "On the Application of the Induction Coil to Steinheil's Apparatus for Spectrum Analysis," Chemical News 4 (1861): 118-22. -----, "A course of Three Lectures on Spectrum Analysis," Chemical News 5 (1862): 218-22; 261-5; 287-93. -----, Spectrum Analysis: Six Lectures Delivered in 1868, before the Society of Apothecaries of London (Appleton & Co.: New York, 1869). Rosse, Lord [William Parsons], "Observations on the Nebulae," Philosophical Transactions 140 (1850): 499-514. Reprinted in The Scientific Papers of William Parsons Third Earl of Rosse 1800-1867 (P. Lund & Humphries & Co.: London, 1926): 109-24. Rosse, Lord [Lawrence Parsons], "On the Radiation of Heat from the Moon," Proceedings of the Royal Society 17 (1869): 436-44. -----, "Note on the Construction of Thermopiles," Proceedings of the Royal Society 18 (1870): 553-6. -----, "On the Radiation of Heat from the Moon. Part II," Proceedings of the Royal Society 19 (1870): 9-14. -----, "On the Radiation of Heat from the Moon, the Law of its Absorption by our Atmosphere, and its variation in amount with her phases, The Bakerian Lecture," Proceedings of the Royal Society 21 (1872): 241-2. Rossiter, Margaret W., "'Women's Work' in Science, 1880-1910," Isis 71 (1980): 381-98. Rothenberg, Marc, "Organization and Control: Professionals and Amateurs in American Astronomy," Social Studies of Science 11 (1981): 305-25. -----, The Educational and Intellectual Background of American Astronomers, 1825-1875, Ph.D. dissertation (Bryn Mawr College, 1974). Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science. Minutes of Evidence, Appendices, and Analyses of Evidence, Vol. II (Eyre & Spottiswoode: London, 1874). Royal Society, Correspondence of the Southern Telescope Committee (Royal Society: London, 1871). -----, The Eruption of Krakatoa and subsequent phenomena (Royal Society: London, 1888). Rudwick, Martin J. S., The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1985). Ruskin, John, "Of Queens' Gardens," in Sesame and Lilies (George Allen: London, 1905). Rutherfurd, Lewis M., "Astronomical Observations with the Spectroscope," American Journal of Science 35 (1863): 71-7. Sabine, Edward, "President's Address," Proceedings of the Royal Society 13 (1864): 499-502. -----, "President's Address," Proceedings of the Royal Society 15 (1866): 270-85. -----, "President's Address," Proceedings of the Royal Society 17 (1868): 135-50. -----, "President's Address," Proceedings of the Royal Society 18 (1869): 102-12. Sagan, Carl, and Ann Druyan, Comet (Random House: New York, 1985). Salter, Frank R., Dissenters and Public Affairs in Mid-Victorian England, (Dr. Williams's Trust: London, 1967). Schaffer, Simon, "'The Great Laboratories of the Universe': William Herschel on Matter Theory and Planetary Life," Journal for the History of Astronomy 11 (1980): 81-111. -----, "Herschel in Bedlam: Natural History and Stellar Astronomy," British Journal for the History of Science 13 (1980): 211-39. -----, "Astronomers Mark Time: Discipline and the Personal Equation," Science in Context 2 (1988): 115-45. -----, "The Nebular Hypothesis and the Science of Progress," in History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene, James R. Moore, ed., (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989). -----, "Experimenting with Objectives: Table-top Trials in Victorian Astronomy," unpublished manuscript, 1990. Schellen, H., Die Spectralanalyse (Brunswick, 1871). trnaslated by Jane and Caroline Lassell as Spectrum Analysis (Longmans, Green, & Co.: London, 1872). Schiebinger, Londa, "Maria Winkelmann: The Clash between Guild Traditions and Professional Science," in Current Issues in Women's History, Arina Angerman, et al, eds. (Routledge: London, 1989): 21-38. Schmidt, Julius, "Crater Linné," Astronomische Nachrichten, No. 1631. Schweber, Silvan S., "Auguste Comte and the Nebular Hypothesis," in In the Presence of the Past: Essays in Honor of Frank Manuel, Richard T. bienvenu and Mordechai Feingold, eds., (Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1991). Seater, Barbara B., "Two Person Career: The Pastor and his Wife," Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 10 (1982): 75-9. Secchi, Father Angelo, "On the Spectrum of the Nebula of Orion," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 25 (1865): 153-5. -----, "On g Cassiopeiae," Astronomische Nachrichten No. 1612 (23 August 1866). -----, "Communications relative à l'analyse spectrale de la lumière de quelques étoiles," Comptes Rendus 63 (1866): 324. -----, "Spectrometric Studies," from Bulletino Meteorologico (1866). Reprinted in Astronomical Register 4 (1866): 280-5. -----, "Sur les spectres stellaires," Comptes Rendus (1868): 398. See, T. J. J., "Tribute to the Memory of Sir William Huggins," Popular Astronomy 18 (1910): 387-401. Sellers, Ian, Nineteenth-Century Nonconformity (Holmes & Meier: New York, 1977). Shapin, Steven, "The Invisible Technician," American Scientist 77 (1989): 555-63. Sharp, Evelyn, Hertha Ayrton 1854-1923: A Memoir (Edward Arnold & Co.: London, 1926). Siegel, Daniel M., "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law'," Isis 67 (1976): 565-600. Sigsworth, Eric M., In Search of Victorian Values: Aspects of Nineteenth-century Thought and Society (Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1988). Smiles, Samuel, Thrift, or How to Get On in the World (Belford, Clarke & Co.: Chicago, 1881). -----, Self-Help (Belford, Clarke, & Co.: Chicago, 1884). Smith, J. W. Ashley, The Birth of Modern Education: The Contribution of the Dissenting Academies, 1660-1800 (Independent Press Ltd.: London, 1954). Smith, Robert W., "The Heavens Recorded: Warren De La Rue and the 1860 Eclipse," paper given at the XVIth International Congress of the History of Science (Bucharest, 1981). -----, The Expanding Universe: Astronomy's 'Great Debate' 1900-1931 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1982. -----, "William Lassell and the Discovery of Neptune," Journal for the History of Astronomy 14 (1983): 30-2. -----, "The Cambridge Network in Action: The Discovery of Neptune," Isis 80 (1989): 395-422. -----, "A National Observatory Transformed: Greenwich in the Nineteenth Century," Journal for the History of Astronomy 22 (1991): 1-14. Smith, Robert W., and Richard Baum, "William Lassell and the Ring of Neptune: A Case-study in Instrumental Failure," Journal for the History of Astronomy 15 (1984): 1-17. Smyth, C. Piazzi, "Color in practical astronomy spectroscopically examined," Proceedings of the Royal Society 29 (1879): 779-849. -----, Micrometrical Measures of Gaseous Spectra under High Dispersion (Neill & Co.: Edinburgh, 1886). Spencer, Herbert, "Recent Astronomy and the Nebular Hypothesis," Westminster Review 70 (1858): 185-225. Spender, Dale, ed., The Education Papers: Women's quest for Equality in Britain, 1850-1912 (Routledge & Kegan Paul: New York, 1987. Stewart, Balfour, "Reply to Kirchhoff on History of Spectrum Analysis," Philosophical Magazine. 4th Series, 25 (1863): 354. ----, "Some points on the history of spectrum analysis," Nature 21 (1880): 35. Stewart, Balfour, and J. Norman Lockyer, "The Sun as a Type of the Material Universe. Parts I & II," Macmillan's Magazine 18 (1868): 246-57; 319-27. Stokes, George G., "On the Long Spectrum of Electric Light," Proceedings of the Royal Society 12 (1862): 166-8. -----, "Solar Physics. Parts I and II," Nature 24 (1881): 593-8, and 613-8. Stone, E. J., "Approximate determinations of the Heating-Powers of Arcturus and a Lyrae," Proceedings of the Royal Society 18 (1869): 159-65. Stonequist, E. V., The Marginal Man (Scribner's: New York, 1937). Strange, Alexander, "On the Necessity for State Intervention to Secure the Progress of Physical Science," Report of the British Association (Norwich, 1868): 6-8. -----, "On the Insufficiency of Existing National Observatories," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 32 (1872): 238-41. -----, "On the Insufficiency of Existing National Observatories," Astronomical Register 10 (1872): 113-20. Stratton, F. J. M., Astronomical Physics (Methuen & Co.: London, 1925). Sutton, M. A., Spectroscopy and the structure of matter: A study in the development of physical chemistry, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, 1972. -----, "Sir John Herschel and the development of spectroscopy in Britain," British Journal for the History of Science 7 (1974): 42-60. -----, "Spectroscopy and the chemists: A neglected opportunity?", Ambix 23 (1976): 16-26. -----, "Spectroscopy, Historiography and Myth: The Victorians Vindicated," History of Science 24 (1986): 425-32. Taylor, Shephard T., The Diary of a Medical Student during the Mid-Victorian Period 1860-1864 (Jarrold & Sons: Norwich, 1927). Tebbutt, J., "On the Variability of h Argûs," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1868): 266-8. Tennant, Major John, "On the Solar Eclipse of 1868, August 17," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 27 (1867): 79. Thompson, Silvanus P., Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism (Macmillan & Co.: New York, 1915). Todd, David P., A New Astronomy (New York, 1897). [Trotter, Coutts], "William Allen Miller," Proceedings of the Royal Society 19 (1870): xix-xxvi. -----. "Lieut.-Col. Alexander Strange," Dictionary of National Biography 55, Sidney Lee, ed. (Macmillan: New York, 1898): 20-1. Turnbull, J. M., "A Few Words on the Beer and Albumen Process," The British Journal of Photography 21 (1874): 495-6. [Turner, H. H.], "George Biddell Airy," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 52 (1892): 212-29. Vaughan, W. E., and A. J. Fitzpatrick, Irish Historical Statistics: Population, 1821-1971 (Royal Irish Academy: Dublin, 1978). W. P., "Spectroscope Construction," Astronomical Register 8 (1870): 76. Ward, T. Humphry, History of the Athenaeum 1824-1925 (William Clowes & Sons: London, 1926). Wardle, David, English Popular Education: 1780-1975 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1976). Warner, Deborah Jean, "Lewis M. Rutherfurd: Pioneer Astronomical Photographer and Spectroscopist," Technology and Culture 12 (1971): 190-216. Watts, W. Marshall, An Introduction to the Study of Spectrum Analysis (Longmans, Green, & Co.: London, 1904). Webb, T. W., "Note on the Telescopic Appearance of the Planet Mars," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 16 (1856): 188. Webb, W. L., Brief Biography and Popular Account of the Unparalleled Discoveries of T. J. J. See (Thos. P. Nichols & Son: Lynn MA, 1913) Weinberg, Alvin M., Reflections on Big Science (MIT Press: Cambridge, 1967). -----, "Scientific Teams and Scientific Laboratories," Daedalus 99 )1970): 1056-75. Weiss, Edmund, "Presentation of results of 1868 solar eclipse expedition," Astronomical Register 7 (1869): 100-3. Whiting, Sarah F., "The Tulse Hill Observatory Diaries," Popular Astronomy 25 (1917): 158-63. -----, "Lady Huggins," Science 51 (1915): 853-5. -----, "Margaret Lindsay Huggins," Astrophysical Journal 42 (1915): 1-3. Whitney, Charles A., "Henry Draper," Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4 (Scribner & Son: New York, 1970): 178-81. Wildt, Rupert, "The Chemistry of the Cosmos," in Source Book in Astronomy 1900-1950, Harlow Shapley, ed. (1960). Originally appeared in Scientia (1940) 67: 85-90. William, Henry Smith, The Great Astronomers (Newton Publishing Co.: New York, 1932). Williams, Henry Smith, "Astronomical Progress of the Century, Harper's New Monthly Magazine 94 (1897): 140-56. Williams, Mari E. W., "Astronomy in London: 1860-1900," Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1987): 10-26. Woolf, Harry, "The beginnings of Astronomical Spectroscopy," in Melanges Alexandre Koyré 1 (Paris, 1964): 619-34. -----, "Astrophysics in the early nineteenth century," Actes du XIe Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences, 1965 3 (1968): 127-35. Wright, Helen, Explorer of the Universe: A Biography of George Ellery Hale (E. P. Dutton & Co.: New York, 1966). Young, Charles A., "An attempt to photograph the corona," Science 5 (1885): 307. -----, The Sun, 4th ed. (Appleton: New York, 1895). Zirin, Harold, Astrophysics of the Sun (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1988). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
William Huggins' Early Astronomical Career |
|
Unlocking the "Unknown Mystery of the True Nature of the Heavenly Bodies" |
The Astronomical Agenda: 1830-1870 |
|
"A sudden impulse..." |
|
Reception of Spectrum Analysis Applied to the Stars |
|
|
Moving in the Inner Circle |
Cultivating Advantageous Alliances; Opportunism and Eclecticism |
|
Opportunism and Eclecticism (continued) |
|
Achieving "A mark of approval and confidence" |
|
|
Margaret Huggins: The myth of the "Able Assistant" |
The Solitary Observer |
|
Celestial Photography |
|
|
Diversity and Controversy: Defining the Boundaries of Acceptable Research |
|
Solar Observations at Tulse Hill |
The Red Flames |
|
The Eclipse Expedition to Oran |
|
Photographing the Corona Without an Eclipse |
|
The Bakerian Lecture |
|
|
|