Lecture #1 - Restoration & Revolution

TO ADD/DROP SEE ME AFTER CLASS.	RESTORATON & REVOLUTION English 102B 1660 - 1700
	Overview of Political Events
1642-49	CIVIL WAR(S)
1649	TRIAL & DEATH OF CHARLES I
1649-1660	INTERREGNUM - OLIVER CROMWELL (and then his son)
1660	RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY - CHARLES II
1685	DEATH OF CHARLES II & SUCCESSION OF JAMES II
1688-89	REPLACEMENT OF JAMES II BY WILLIAM & MARY

Trial of Charles I In 1649, Charles was tried for treason.	Contemporary German print depicting Charles I's beheading " I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown, where no disturbances can be." Charles I, on the scaffold, January 30, 1649.
Charles I was regarded as a Christian martyr. January 30 was commemorated by the Anglican Church until the mid-19th c. The legend about this painting: Bernini “exclaimed that he had never seen a portrait whose countenance showed so much greatness and such marks of sadness: the man who was so strongly charactered and whose dejection was so visible was doomed to be unfortunate.” (Qtd. Richard Ollard, **The Image of the King, p. 25.)** What were the issues?	Charles I in 3 positions Multiple portrait by Sir Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641). © Royal Collection. A fusion of religious and political matters Key terms: authority, legitimacy, dissent Fundamental division on the question of the nature and the source of the monarch’s power Criticism of the hierarchical (episcopal) structure of the Church of England and an effort to reform its spiritual practices.
The two sides in the Civil War were the Royalists and the Parliamentarians.
	Oliver Cromwell 1599 - born Huntingdon 1616 - enters Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 1628 - MP for Huntingdon 1640 - MP for Cambridge 1642 - raises troops for Parliament 1644 - Lieutenant-General of the Eastern Association Army - Battle of Marston Moor, 2nd July- Battle of Newbury, 27th October 1645- Lieutenant-General of the New Model Army - Battle of Naseby, 14th June 1648 - crushes royalist rising in South Wales - Battle of Preston, 18th August 1649 - supports trial and execution of the King, January 1653 - dissolves Parliament, 20th April - becomes Lord Protector, 16th December
Cromwell was a country gentleman who became a soldier, statesman and finally Lord Protector of Great Britain. As MP for Huntingdon and then Cambridge, he was an outspoken critic of Charles I and 'much hearkened unto'. His military skills and God-fearing tenacity were decisive factors in the Parliamentarian victory in the Civil War. Cromwell was prominent among those who first treated with, and then executed the King in 1649. He achieved military success in Ireland in 1649 - but carried out brutal massacres - and he led the New Model Army to victory against the Scots and Charles II in 1651. http://www.npg.org.uk/536.htm

	RESTORATION refers to the restoration of the monarchy but can be understood more broadly. Continuing questions for our course: What precisely was restored? And what had been irrevocably changed by civil war, the death of Charles I, and the interregnum?
Declaration of Breda: Charles, by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all our loving subjects, of what degree or quality soever, greeting.	And because the passion and uncharitableness of the times have produced several opinions in religion, by which men are engaged in parties and animosities against each other (which, when they shall hereafter unite in a freedom of conversation, will be composed or better understood), we do declare a liberty to tender consciences, and that no man shall be disquieted or called in question for differences of opinion in matters of religion, which do not disturb the peace of the kingdom; and that we shall be ready to consent to such an Act of Parliament, as, upon mature deliberation, shall be offered to us, for the full granting that indulgence.
	One example of the fundamental oppositions of Restoration Society:dissenters & libertine
Dissenter: Non-conformist; one who rejects the doctrines or authority of an established church. Libertine: One who is morally and sexually unrestrained; a free-thinker in religious matters.	Although dissenters and libertines have an element of non-conformity in common, they define an important cultural division during this period. Two writers who illustrate this opposition are John Bunyan(1628-1688) and John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1647-1680).
John Bunyan dreaming	As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a certain place where was a den, and I laid me down in that place to sleep, and as I slept I dreamed a dream. I dreamed, and behold I saw a man clothed with rags, [Isaiah 64:6] standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. [Psalms 38:4] I looked, and saw him open the book, and read therein; and as he read he wept and trembled, and not being able any longer to contain, he brake out, with a lamentable cry, saying, “What shall I do?” [Acts 16:30-31].

Naked she lay, clasped in my longing arms,

I filled with love, and she all over charms;

Both equally inspired with eager fire,

Melting through kindness, flaming in desire.

With arms, legs, lips close clinging to embrace,

She clips me to her breast, and sucks me to her face.

Her nimble tongue, Love’s lesser lightning, played

Within my mouth, and to my thoughts conveyed

Swift orders that I should prepare to throw

PORTABILLITY AS A METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Looking closely at Words

wilderness of this world

a man clothed with rags,

[Isaiah 64:6]

a great burden upon his back

as he read he wept and trembled,

not being able any longer to contain

a lamentable cry

“What shall I do?”

Naked she lay

longing arms

filled with love

all over charms;

inspired with eager fire,

flaming in desire.

arms, legs, lips

embrace

sucks

nimble tongue

played/Within my mouth

Could any of the words or phrases from one side be transported to the group of words and phrases on the other. Would the transfer change the meaning?

REVOLUTION in our course title refers initially to political events in 1688. But we will use the term more broadly and ask what sort of cultural revolutions were taking place.