SQ-introduction

	Study Questions \|\| Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe
"Antique Dwelling Near London, Formerly Occupied by Daniel Defoe, who Wrote 'Robinson Crusoe' in the Room with the Large Window at the Left" New York Public Library Daniel Defoe as Robinson Crusoe New York Public Library The life and strange and surprising adventures of Daniel De Foe. ([1929]) New York Public Library Children's book illustration New York Public Library Robinson Crusoe, cigarette card New York Public Library	1. Like works by Augustine, Descartes, and Bunyan, Defoe's Robinson Crusoe relates the experience of a self on a journey. How does having read those works affect your reading of RC? 2. Solitude and the self: The editor writes in the introduction, One strong enticement of the castaway narrative as a genre lies in the solitude of the experience: if solitude is the stage for especially stark display of the self, then castaways would seem to be uniquely positioned for this form of self-knowledge (22). Which episodes create a vivid sense of solitude? And how does RC create sociability? The period of Robinson Crusoe's solitude corresponds roughly to the period between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688. RC also lands on his island just the year before Defoe was born. Do you think the correspondence of dates offers a useful opportunity for interpretation? See Appendix D, "Explorations of Solitude." 3. Robinson Crusoe has a continual sense of being "delivered" from danger and several times of having been "reborn."He says, for example, that he was saved "out of the very Grave" (85). He also has a strong sense of his own exceptionalism: "I walk'd about on the Shore, lifting up my Hands, and my whole Being, as I may say, wrapt up in the Contemplation of my Deliverance, making a Thousand Gestures and Motions which I cannot describe, reflecting upon all my Comrades that were drown'd, and that there should not be one Soul sav'd but my self" (85). Find examples of his sense of deliverance and of his sense that his experience is being set up by God to teach him a spiritual lesson. What does he learn? Does he change? Do you have a sense of a steady, uniform "I" throughout the novel? 4. Style and self: What do you think of the self that emerges from the flat, apparantly unselective style of the Robinson Crusoe? See below for some comments on Defoe's style by Charles Lamb, Edgar Allen Poe and Thomas Babington Macaulay. 5. Robinson Crusoe's arduous landing is a bit like that in the Odyssey. (Notice the vividness of Defoe's circumstantial detail). How can you put together a claim that the novel is shaped as a spiritual autobiography with a claim that it has an underlying similarity to the Odyssey? 6. What do you make of Robinson Crusoe's elaborate and continual concern with defense? Given what J.J. Rousseau says about the novel, what do you think he might have made of Robinson Crusoe's defensive strategies? What kind of "state of nature" does Robinson Crusoe find on his island? Rousseau: "I hate books . . . . Since we must have books there is already one which in my opinion, affords a complete treatise on natural education. This book shall be the first Emilius shall read. . . . You ask impatiently, what is the title of this wonderful book? is it Aristotle, Pliny, or Buffon? No. it is Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe, cast ahsore on a desolate island, destitute of human assistance, and of mechanical implements, providing, nevertheless, for his subsistence, for self-preservation, and even procuring for himself a kind of competency. In these circumstances, I say, there cannot be an object more interesting to persons of every age." (From Emilius and Sophie or a New System of Education [London, 1762]. ) 7. In this fiction, material acquisition might be said to replace all other drives, including sexuality. "I lay," RC says, "with all my Wealth about me." Notice that when Robinson Crusoe reflects on his circumstances and condition, he puts his reflections in the form of an audit (debit and credit columns). Is this novel mainly about "economic" man? How would that claim go with other ways you might describe the novel? Skim the critical pieces and see if you can find any that are relevant to this topic. 8. When Robinson Crusoe finds money on the ship, he says, "Money, O Drug!" What does he say afterwards? Use this section to analyze Defoe's style or RC's character. 9. Some Oppositions in the novel are worth noticing: e.g, a. going to sea vs. making good in the upper level of low life: The chief virtue of the upper level of low life is its lack of the unexpected, its regularity, its comfortableness--and that does not compare with going to sea. However, as it turns out, adventure and solid acquisition are not in conflict in the novel. What do you think of Marx's comment that RC, who "having rescued a watch, ledger, and pen and ink from the wreck, commences, like a true-born Briton, to keep a set of books"? What other evidence can you find that RC constructs on his island the life of a man of "the middle State"? b. Island as prison vs. Island as kingdom & paradise "Poor Robinson Crusoe" vs. monarch "It was the sixth of November, in the sixth Year of my Reign, or my Captivity, which you please . . . ." Find other evidence of this contrast. What do you make of it? c. The theme of "Self-reliance" vs the theme of "Everything's in the hands of Providence": Find evidence for this contrast and use it to help you make a claim about the novel. 10. Look up the word "sublime." Robinson Crusoe has many episodes that we might call the "comic sublime" or the "petty sublime," e.g, his discovery of the "Print of a Man's naked Foot." Consider also the following examples: "I fancied myself now like one of the ancient giants" "I fell'd a Cedar Tree: I question much whether Solomon ever had such a One for the Building of the Temple at Jerusalem." "I believe it was the first Gun that had been fir'd there since the Creation of the World." "[T]his cost me as much Thought as a Statesman would have bestow'd upon a grand Point of Politicks, or a Judge upon the Life and Death of a Man." RC's cheerful willingness to compare himself to the greatest of people and his situation to the most grandiose suggests a certain childlike naivete and lack of experience. What else? 11. Colley Cibber says RC is "written in so natural a manner, and with so many probable incidents, that, for some time after its publication, it was judged by most people to be a true story. It was indeed written upon a model entirely new. . . ." What do you think might have made readers think it was true? How might you describe the relation between Alexander Selkirk's story and Robinson Crusoe's story? (See the Selkirk material in Appendix C: "Castaway Narratives." How do you know that Robinson Crusoe is a fiction rather than a true narrative? 12. The explicit, early instuction (one ought to pay attention to the "prophetick discourse" of one's father; isolation on an island is punishment for rebellious behavior) might be said to be at odds with fictional development. Opposition to his father seems in RC's view to have been something like his original sin. He declares that he is a" Memento to all those who are touched with the general Plague of Mankind . . . I mean, that of not being satisfy'd with the Station wherein God and Nature has plac'd them." And yet this is a story of success, of improving one's original condition. What do you think the novel teaches? What do J. Ballantyne and J.J. Rousseau think it teaches? 13. "Robinson Crusoe is a prototypical colonialist novel" : This claim is a not an uncommon one in literature and culture courses. What do you think? See Appendix F, "Defoe on Slavery and the African Trade," Appendix G, "Cannibalism," and Appendix H:" Illustrations of Friday's Rescue." Try looking up "Robinson Crusoe" and "Post-colonial criticism" in JSTOR. What do you make of RC's treatment of the "savages"? Consider his debate with himself and his defense of a European--who "had Cloaths on." What do you make of such statements as "It came now very warmly upon my Thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now was my Time to get me a Servant, and perhaps a Companion, or Assistant; and that I was call'd plainly by Providence to save this poor Creature's Life"? Comments on Defoe's style: Charles Lamb describes Defoe's style as follows: "There is all the minute detail of a log-book in it. Dates are painfully pressed upon the memory. Facts are repeated over and over in varying phrases, till you cannot chuse but believe them. It is like reading evidence in a court of Justice." Qtd. in Walter Wilson, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Daniel Defoe (London, 1830) 3. 428-9 (letter from Lamb to Wilson re Defoe, December 1822). My source was the Norton Critical edition of RC. The same for any NCE reference below. What do you think of what Lamb says? Find specific examples in the novel to support his claim. What are the implications of this style? In general, what kinds of narratives put a high priority on getting the facts straight? Compare what Edgar Allen Poe and Thomas Babington Macaulay and say about Defoe. Poe: "Not one person in ten--nay, not one person in five hundred--has , during the perusal of "Robinson Crusoe," the most remote conception that any particle of genius, or even of common talent, has been employed in its creation . . . . we close the book, and are quite satisfied that we could have written as well ourselves." (From Southern Literary Messenger, 1936. My source: NCE.) Macaulay: "'I can not understand the mania of some poeple about De Foe. They think him a man of the first order of genius, and a paragon of virtue. He certainly wrote an excellent book--the first part of 'Robinson Crusoe'--one of those feats which can only be performed by the union of luck with ability. That awful solitude of a quarter of a century--the strange union of comfort, plenty, and security with the misery of loneliness--was my delight before I was five years old, and has been the delight of hundreds of thousands of boys. . . . He had undoubtedly a knack at making fiction look like truth. But is such a knack much to be admired? Is it not of the same sort with the kanck of a painter who takes in the birds with his fruit? I have seen dead game painted in such a way that I thought the partridges and pheasants real; but surely such pictures do not rank high as works of art" (From O.C. Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay (NY, 1877), 2. 383-84. My source NCE, 273).

Study Questions || Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe

"Antique Dwelling Near London, Formerly Occupied by Daniel Defoe, who Wrote 'Robinson Crusoe' in the Room with the Large Window at the Left"
New York Public Library

Daniel Defoe as Robinson Crusoe
New York Public Library

The life and strange and surprising adventures of Daniel De Foe. ([1929])
New York Public Library

Children's book illustration
New York Public Library

Robinson Crusoe, cigarette card
New York Public Library

1. Like works by Augustine, Descartes, and Bunyan, Defoe's Robinson Crusoe relates the experience of a self on a journey. How does having read those works affect your reading of RC?

2. Solitude and the self: The editor writes in the introduction,

One strong enticement of the castaway narrative as a genre lies in the solitude of the experience: if solitude is the stage for especially stark display of the self, then castaways would seem to be uniquely positioned for this form of self-knowledge (22).

Which episodes create a vivid sense of solitude? And how does RC create sociability?

The period of Robinson Crusoe's solitude corresponds roughly to the period between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688. RC also lands on his island just the year before Defoe was born. Do you think the correspondence of dates offers a useful opportunity for interpretation?

See Appendix D, "Explorations of Solitude."

3. Robinson Crusoe has a continual sense of being "delivered" from danger and several times of having been "reborn."He says, for example, that he was saved "out of the very Grave" (85).

He also has a strong sense of his own exceptionalism: "I walk'd about on the Shore, lifting up my Hands, and my whole Being, as I may say, wrapt up in the Contemplation of my Deliverance, making a Thousand Gestures and Motions which I cannot describe, reflecting upon all my Comrades that were drown'd, and that there should not be one Soul sav'd but my self" (85).

Find examples of his sense of deliverance and of his sense that his experience is being set up by God to teach him a spiritual lesson. What does he learn? Does he change? Do you have a sense of a steady, uniform "I" throughout the novel?

4. Style and self: What do you think of the self that emerges from the flat, apparantly unselective style of the Robinson Crusoe? See below for some comments on Defoe's style by Charles Lamb, Edgar Allen Poe and Thomas Babington Macaulay.

5. Robinson Crusoe's arduous landing is a bit like that in the Odyssey. (Notice the vividness of Defoe's circumstantial detail). How can you put together a claim that the novel is shaped as a spiritual autobiography with a claim that it has an underlying similarity to the Odyssey?

6. What do you make of Robinson Crusoe's elaborate and continual concern with defense? Given what J.J. Rousseau says about the novel, what do you think he might have made of Robinson Crusoe's defensive strategies? What kind of "state of nature" does Robinson Crusoe find on his island?

Rousseau: "I hate books . . . . Since we must have books there is already one which in my opinion, affords a complete treatise on natural education. This book shall be the first Emilius shall read. . . . You ask impatiently, what is the title of this wonderful book? is it Aristotle, Pliny, or Buffon? No. it is Robinson Crusoe.
Robinson Crusoe, cast ahsore on a desolate island, destitute of human assistance, and of mechanical implements, providing, nevertheless, for his subsistence, for self-preservation, and even procuring for himself a kind of competency. In these circumstances, I say, there cannot be an object more interesting to persons of every age." (From Emilius and Sophie or a New System of Education [London, 1762]. )

7. In this fiction, material acquisition might be said to replace all other drives, including sexuality. "I lay," RC says, "with all my Wealth about me." Notice that when Robinson Crusoe reflects on his circumstances and condition, he puts his reflections in the form of an audit (debit and credit columns). Is this novel mainly about "economic" man? How would that claim go with other ways you might describe the novel? Skim the critical pieces and see if you can find any that are relevant to this topic.

8. When Robinson Crusoe finds money on the ship, he says, "Money, O Drug!" What does he say afterwards? Use this section to analyze Defoe's style or RC's character.

9. Some Oppositions in the novel are worth noticing: e.g,

a. going to sea vs. making good in the upper level of low life:

The chief virtue of the upper level of low life is its lack of the unexpected, its regularity, its comfortableness--and that does not compare with going to sea. However, as it turns out, adventure and solid acquisition are not in conflict in the novel. What do you think of Marx's comment that RC, who "having rescued a watch, ledger, and pen and ink from the wreck, commences, like a true-born Briton, to keep a set of books"? What other evidence can you find that RC constructs on his island the life of a man of "the middle State"?

b. Island as prison vs. Island as kingdom & paradise

"Poor Robinson Crusoe" vs. monarch

"It was the sixth of November, in the sixth Year of my Reign, or my Captivity, which you please . . . ."

Find other evidence of this contrast. What do you make of it?

c. The theme of "Self-reliance" vs the theme of "Everything's in the hands of Providence": Find evidence for this contrast and use it to help you make a claim about the novel.

10. Look up the word "sublime." Robinson Crusoe has many episodes that we might call the "comic sublime" or the "petty sublime," e.g, his discovery of the "Print of a Man's naked Foot." Consider also the following examples:

"I fancied myself now like one of the ancient giants"

"I fell'd a Cedar Tree: I question much whether Solomon ever had such a One for the Building of the Temple at Jerusalem."

"I believe it was the first Gun that had been fir'd there since the Creation of the World."

"[T]his cost me as much Thought as a Statesman would have bestow'd upon a grand Point of Politicks, or a Judge upon the Life and Death of a Man."

RC's cheerful willingness to compare himself to the greatest of people and his situation to the most grandiose suggests a certain childlike naivete and lack of experience. What else?

11. Colley Cibber says RC is "written in so natural a manner, and with so many probable incidents, that, for some time after its publication, it was judged by most people to be a true story. It was indeed written upon a model entirely new. . . ." What do you think might have made readers think it was true? How might you describe the relation between Alexander Selkirk's story and Robinson Crusoe's story? (See the Selkirk material in Appendix C: "Castaway Narratives." How do you know that Robinson Crusoe is a fiction rather than a true narrative?

12. The explicit, early instuction (one ought to pay attention to the "prophetick discourse" of one's father; isolation on an island is punishment for rebellious behavior) might be said to be at odds with fictional development.

Opposition to his father seems in RC's view to have been something like his original sin. He declares that he is a" Memento to all those who are touched with the general Plague of Mankind . . . I mean, that of not being satisfy'd with the Station wherein God and Nature has plac'd them." And yet this is a story of success, of improving one's original condition. What do you think the novel teaches? What do J. Ballantyne and J.J. Rousseau think it teaches?

13. "Robinson Crusoe is a prototypical colonialist novel" : This claim is a not an uncommon one in literature and culture courses. What do you think? See Appendix F, "Defoe on Slavery and the African Trade," Appendix G, "Cannibalism," and Appendix H:" Illustrations of Friday's Rescue."

Try looking up "Robinson Crusoe" and "Post-colonial criticism" in JSTOR.

What do you make of RC's treatment of the "savages"? Consider his debate with himself and his defense of a European--who "had Cloaths on."

What do you make of such statements as "It came now very warmly upon my Thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now was my Time to get me a Servant, and perhaps a Companion, or Assistant; and that I was call'd plainly by Providence to save this poor Creature's Life"?

Comments on Defoe's style:

Charles Lamb describes Defoe's style as follows: "There is all the minute detail of a log-book in it. Dates are painfully pressed upon the memory. Facts are repeated over and over in varying phrases, till you cannot chuse but believe them. It is like reading evidence in a court of Justice." Qtd. in Walter Wilson, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Daniel Defoe (London, 1830) 3. 428-9 (letter from Lamb to Wilson re Defoe, December 1822). My source was the Norton Critical edition of RC. The same for any NCE reference below.

What do you think of what Lamb says? Find specific examples in the novel to support his claim. What are the implications of this style? In general, what kinds of narratives put a high priority on getting the facts straight?

Compare what Edgar Allen Poe and Thomas Babington Macaulay and say about Defoe.

Poe: "Not one person in ten--nay, not one person in five hundred--has , during the perusal of "Robinson Crusoe," the most remote conception that any particle of genius, or even of common talent, has been employed in its creation . . . . we close the book, and are quite satisfied that we could have written as well ourselves." (From Southern Literary Messenger, 1936. My source: NCE.)

Macaulay: "'I can not understand the mania of some poeple about De Foe. They think him a man of the first order of genius, and a paragon of virtue. He certainly wrote an excellent book--the first part of 'Robinson Crusoe'--one of those feats which can only be performed by the union of luck with ability. That awful solitude of a quarter of a century--the strange union of comfort, plenty, and security with the misery of loneliness--was my delight before I was five years old, and has been the delight of hundreds of thousands of boys. . . . He had undoubtedly a knack at making fiction look like truth. But is such a knack much to be admired? Is it not of the same sort with the kanck of a painter who takes in the birds with his fruit? I have seen dead game painted in such a way that I thought the partridges and pheasants real; but surely such pictures do not rank high as works of art" (From O.C. Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay (NY, 1877), 2. 383-84. My source NCE, 273).

The reigns of the 6 monarchs in Defoe's life time are color-coded:

Charles II, 1660-1685

James II, 1685-88

William & Mary 1689-1702 (Mary d. 1694)

Anne, 1702-1714

George I, 1714-1727

George II, 1717-1760

Date	Historical Events	Defoe's activities and political/literary works
1660	• Restoration of the monarchy • Charles I was crowned. See this link for a sketch of the Restoration and Charles II's reign. • Declaration of Breda	Daniel Foe was born (1660 or 1661).
1661	• Clarendon Code: Corporation Act, Act of Uniformity, etc. (See link for material below.) • Corporation Act (1661) - The Corporation Act was the first of four laws which together were called the Clarendon Code. It required all municipal officials to take communion in the Anglican Church and to rejectt the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643. The law thus excluded Nonconformists from public office.
1662	• Act of Uniformity (1662) - The Act of Uniformity added a further requirement to the Corporation Act: it required the use of the Book of Common Prayer in religious service. As many as 2000 clergymen refused to comply with this act and were forced to resign their livings, becoming Dissenters.	Foe family (along with their minister, Samuel Annesley) was forced out of Anglican church, becoming Presbyterian.
1663
1664	• Coventicle [or Conventicle] Act (1664) - The 3rd law of the Clarendon Code effectively made it illegal for dissenters to meet for worship. It forbade more than five people not in the same family to meet for religious purposes unless they were Anglican. Definition of conventicle
1665	• Five-Mile Act (1665) - This act was meant to cover another base in suppressing dissenting worship. It forbade Nonconformist ministers to go within 5 miles of incorporated towns or the place of their former livings. It also made it illegal for them to teach in schools. This act was not rescinded until 1812. •The Great Plague of London
1666	•The Great Fire of London
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671		Formal schooling 1671 (?) - 1679
1672
1673	•Test Act English statute that excluded from public office (both military and civil) all who refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, to receive the communion according to the rites of the Church of England, or to renounce belief in the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.
1674
1675		Daniel Foe attended the Dissenting Accademy of Rev. Charles Morton (Newington Green, north of London) until 1679.
1676
1677
1678
1679	•Exclusion Crisis (1679-81)
1680
1681
1682
1683		Daniel Foe established as a merchant
1684		Foe married Mary Tuffley (who brought £3,7000 as a dowry)
1685	• Charles II died.	1685-92 - hosier, importer of wine and tobacco, insurer of ships
1685	• James II succeeded to the throne. • Monmouth's Rebellion: The Duke of Monmouth (Charles II's illegitimate son proposed by Parliament as a substitute for James II during the Exclusion Crisis) sailed from Holland and assembled forces (with a little help from Scotland) to overthrow James and claim the throne (mid-June). Monmouth was defeated, captured, and beheaded (end of July).	Defoe participated in Monmouth's Rebellion.
1686
1687	•James II: Declaration of Indulgence Declared inactive all penalties for both Dissenters and Roman Catholics.
1688	•James II re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence.
1688	•Glorious Revolution •John Evelyn's Diary - includes entries on the "Glorious Revolution"
1689	•Bill of Rights (An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown) put limits on the prerogative of the monarch, declared that taxes could be raised only by Parliament, etc. Willliam and Mary agreed to the Bill of Rights before becoming king and queen. •William and Mary were crowned April 11, 1689. •Act of Toleration eased the restrictions of the Conventicles Act (1664) by allowing dissenters to meet in unlocked meeting houses which had been licensed by a bishop, provided the minister subscribed to the Thirty Nine articles (excepting those on church government and baptism).	►The advantages of the present settlement, and the great danger of a relapse, London : Printed for Ric. Chiswell ..., 1689 ►Reflections upon the late great revolution written by a lay-hand in the country for the satisfaction of some neighbours., London : Printed for Ric. Chiswell ..., 1689
1690	•Battle of the Boyne: King William defeated the Irish and French armies of his father-in-law (Jams II) at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (another site).	►The present case of England, and the Protestant interest, [London, s.n., 1690-1701 ►Taxes no charge in a letter from a gentleman, to a person of quality, shewing the nature, use, and benefit of taxes in this kingdom, and compared with the impositions of foreign states : together with their improvement of trade in time of war., London : Printed for R. Chiswell ..., 1690 ► 1690-91: Contributer to Athenian Mercury and member of the Athenian Society
1691	•The Treaty of Limerick allowed Cathloics in Ireland free exercise of their religion, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins	►A new discovery of an old intreague a satyr level'd at treachery and ambition, calculated to the nativity of the rapparee plott, and the modesty of the Jacobite clergy..., [London : s.n.], 1691
1692		Foe declared bankruptcy (£17,000) and was imprisoned for debt.
1693		►A dialogue betwixt Whig and Tory, aliàs Williamite and Jacobite Wherein the principles and practices of each party are fairly and impartially stated; that thereby mistakes and prejudices may be removed from amongst us, and all those who prefer English liberty, and Protestant religion, to French slavery and popery, may be inform'd how to choose fit and proper instruments for our preservation in these times of danger., [London : s.n.], 1693
1694	•Queen Mary died. •Triennial Act: Parliament had to meet anually and Parliamentary elections were held every 3 years. It held until the Septinniel Act of 1716. •The Bank of England was founded. See also this site. [For an unreliable, somewhat wierd site, see this link.]	►The Englishman's choice, and true interest in a vigorous prosecution of the war against France, and serving K. William and Q. Mary, and acknowledging their right., London : [s.n.], 1694
1695	• The Licensing Act lapsed.	Daniel Foe added "de" to his name, becoming "De Foe" or "Defoe." ►The Life of that incomparable princess, Mary, our late sovereign lady, of ever blessed memory who departed this life, at her royal pallace at Kensington, the 28th of December, 1694., London : Printed for Daniel Dring ..., 1695
1696
1697	• Treaty of Ryswick ended the war between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France. • Civil List Act voted funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household	►The case of England, and the Protestant interest, [London? : s.n., 1697 ►The character of the late Dr. Samuel Annesley, by way of elegy: with a preface Written by one of his hearers., London : printed for E. Whitlock, near Stationers-Hall, 1697 ►An enquiry into the occasional conformity of Dissenters in cases of preferment with a preface to the Lord Mayor, occasioned by his carrying the sword to a conventicle., London : [s.n.], 1697 ►An essay upon projects, London : Printed by R.R. for Tho. Cockerill ..., 1697 ►Some reflections on a pamphlet lately published entituled An argument shewing that a standing army is inconsistent with a free government and absolutely destructive to the constitution of the English monarchy, London : Printed for E. Whitlock ..., 1697 ►Some seasonable queries, on the third head, viz. A general naturalization, [London : s.n., 1697
1698		►An argument shewing, that a standing army, with consent of Parliament, is not inconsistent with a free government, &c., London : Printed for E. Whitlock, 1698 ►A brief reply to the History of standing armies in England With some account of the authors., London : [s.n.], 1698 ►An enquiry into the occasional conformity of dissenters in cases of preferment with a preface to the lord mayor, occasioned by his carrying the sword to a conventicle., Dublin : Reprinted by J.B. and S.P. ... for Jacob Milner ..., 1698 ►The interests of the several princes and states of Europe consider'd, with respect to the succession of the crown of Spain, and the titles of the several pretenders thereto examin'd, London : [s.n.], 1698 ►Lex talionis, la loi du talion Ou moyen juste & infaillible pour arrêter le cours de la cruelle & barbare persecution des Protestans de France. Traduit de l'Anglois., A Londres : par Pierre de la Verite', 1698 ►The poor man's plea in relation to all the proclamations, declarations, acts of Parliament, &c., which have been, or shall be made, or publish'd, for a reformation of manners, and suppressing immorality in the nations., London : [s.n.], 1698
1699		►The Compleat mendicant, or, Unhappy beggar being the life of an unfortunate gentleman ... a comprehensive account of several of the most remarkable adventures that befel him in three and twenty years pilgrimage : also a narrative of his entrance at Oxford ... likewise divers familiar letters, both Latin and English sermons, poems, essays ..., London : Printed for E. Harris ..., 1699 ►A Letter to a member of Parliament, shewing the necessity of regulating the press chiefly from the necessity of publick establishments in religion, from the rights and immunities of a national church, and the trust reposed in the Christian magistrate to protect and defend them : with a particular answer to the objections that of late have been advanced against it., Oxford : Printed for George West, and Henry Clements, 1699
1700		►The pacificator a poem., London : Printed and are to be sold by J. Nutt ..., 1700 ►Reasons humbly offer'd for a law to enact the castration of popish ecclesiastics, as the best way to prevent the growth of popery in England, London : Printed and are to be sold by A. Baldwin ..., 1700 ►Several essays relating to accademies, banks, bankrupts, charity-lotteries, courts of enquiries, court merchants, friendly-societies, high-ways, pension-office, seamen, wagering, &c. now communicated to the world for publick good., London : Printed for Thomas Cockerill ..., 1700 ►The six distinguishing characters of a Parliament-man address'd to the good people of England., London : [s.n.], 1700 ►The true-born Englishman a satyr., [London : s.n.], 1700 ►The two great questions consider'd I. What the French king will do, with respect to the Spanish monarchy, II. What measures the English ought to take., London : Printed by R. T. for A. Baldwin, 1700
1701	• The Act of Settlement declared that if Anne had no children to inherit the throne, Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her Protestant children became the heirs. The act ensured that the throne would not pass to James II or his children. Scotland refused to recognize this line of succession and thus set in motion the events that would lead to acrimony and then to the union of Scotland and England. The Act of Settlement (officialy An act for the further limitation of the crown, and better securing the rights and liberties of the subject) also made clear that it was Parliament that decides on succession. • James II died in France, and his son (the "Old Pretender") was recognized as James III by Louis XIV. • William formed a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to thwart the planned union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession began in Europe over the vacant throne	►An argument, shewing, that the Prince of Wales, tho’ a Protestant, has no just pretensions to the crown of England. With some remarks on the late ... London, 1701 The danger of the Protestant religion consider’d, from the present prospect of a religious war in Europe. London, 1701. ►Examen de deux grandes questions, la premiére [sic], ce que le Roi de France fera au sujet de la monarchie d’Espagne. La seconde, quelles mesures ... Londres, 1701. The free-holders plea against stock-jobbing elections of Parliament men. The second edition, with additions. London, 1701. ►The history of the Kentish petition. [London ], [1701]. A letter to Mr. How, by way of reply to his considerations of the preface to An enquiry into the occasional conformity of dissenters. By the ... London, 1701. ►The livery man's reasons, why he did not give his vote for a certain gentleman, either to be Lord Mayor; or, parliament man for the City of London. London, 1701. Mr. S------r. The enclosed memorial you are charg’d with, in the behalf of many thousands of the good people of England. [London], [1701]. ►The succession to the crown of England, considered. London, 1701. ►The true-born Englishman. A satyr. [London], 1701. ►The villainy of stock-jobbers detected, and the causes of the late run upon the bank and bankers discovered and considered. London, 1701. ►Ye true-born Englishmen proceed, Our trifling crimes detect, ... [London], [1701].
1702	• William III died, following an illness after a riding accident.	►The case of England, and the Protestant interest. [London], [1702?]. ►An enquiry into occasional conformity. Shewing that the dissenters are no way concern’d in it. By the author of the preface to Mr. Howe. London, 1702 ►Legion’s new paper: being a second memorial to the gentlemen of a late House of Commons. With Legion’s humble address to His Majesty. London, 1702 [1701].
1702	•Queen Anne succeeded to the throne. • England's participation in the War of the Spanish Succession began (with Queen Anne following through on William III's policy and plans).	►The mock mourners. A satyr, by way of elegy on King William, The second edition corrected. By the author of The true-born Englishman. London [i.e. Dublin], 1702. ►A new test of the Church of England’s loyalty: or, Whiggish loyalty and church loyalty compar’d. [Edinburgh?], 1702. ►The original power of the collective body of the people of England, examined and asserted. London, 1702 [1701]. Defoe, Daniel. Reformation of manners, a satyr. [London], 1702. ►The shortest-way with the dissenters: or proposals for the establishment of the church. London, 1702. ► Defoe fled to avoid arrest.
1703		►London Gazette, Jan. 10, 1703 advertised for information that would lead to Defoe's arrest. ►Defoe was arrested, tried, fined, sentenced to stand in the stocks 3 times and to remain in jail. ►Reportedly, Defoe arranged for the publicaton and sale of "Hymn to the Pillory" while he stood in the stocks. ►Response to Defoe Shortest Way with the Dissenters: Reflections upon a late scandalous and malicious pamphlet entitul'd, The shortest way with the dissenters. ►A challenge of peace, address’d to the whole nation. With an enquiry into ways and means for bringing it to pass. London, 1703. ►A collection of the writings of the author of The true-born English-man. ... London, 1703. ►A dialogue between a dissenter and the Observator, concerning The shortest way with the dissenters. London, 1703. ►A hymn to the pillory. The second edition corrected, with additions. London, 1703. ►More reformation. A satyr upon himself. By the author of The true born English-man. London, 1703. The opinion of a known Dissenter on the bill for preventing occasional conformity. [London ], [[1703] [1702?]. ►Peace without union. By way of reply, to Sir H--- M---’s Peace at home. London, 1703. ►The sincerity of the dissenters vindicated, from the scandal of occasional conformity, with some considerations on a late book, entitul’d, ... London, 1703. ►The Spanish descent. A poem. By the author of The true-born Englishman. London, 1703. ►A true collection of the writings of the author of The true born English-man. Corrected by himself. London, 1703.
1704	•The Duke of Marlborough defeated the French in the Battle of Blenheim. For "eyeness accounts," see this link. • Gibraltar was captured by the English. • "Queen Anne's Bounty" was established, creating a fund to improve the income of the poorer members of the Anglican clergy.	►The dissenters answer to the high-church challenge. London, 1704. ►An essay on the regulation of the press. London, 1704. ►Giving alms no charity, and employing the poor a grievance to the nation, being an essay upon this great question, whether work-houses, ... London, 1704. ►A hymn to victory by the author of The true-born English-man. London [i.e. Edinburgh?], 1704. ►More short-ways with the Dissenters. London, 1704. ►Peace without union. By way of reply, to Sir H---- M----’s Peace at home. The fourth edition. To which is added a preface. London, 1704. ►Royal religion; being some enquiry after the piety of princes. With remarks on a book, entituled, A form of prayers us’d by King William. London, 1704. ►A serious inquiry into this grand question; whether a law to prevent the occasional conformity of dissenters, ... London, 1704. ►The shortest way to peace and union, by the author of The true born English-man. London, 1704. ►Some remarks on the first chapter in Dr. Davenant’s Essays. London, 1704. ►The storm: or, a collection of the most remarkable casualties and disasters which happen'd in the late dreadful tempest, both by sea and land. London, 1704.
1705		►The paralel: or, persecution of Protestants the shortest way to prevent the growth of popery in Ireland. Dublin [i.e. London?], 1705 [1704?]. ►Advice to all parties. By the author of The true-born English-man. London, 1705. ►An answer to the L--d H----sham’s speech. By Daniel D’Foe. [London ], [1705]. ►The consolidator: or memoirs of sundry transactions from the world in the moon. Translated out of the lunar language, by the author of The true ... London, [1705]. ►The double welcome. A poem to the Duke of Marlbro’. London, 1705. ►The dyet of Poland, a satyr. Consider'd paragraph by paragraph. To which is added a key to the whole, ... London, 1705. ►The experiment: or, the shortest way with the Dissenters exemplified. Being the case of Mr. Abraham Gill, a dissenting minister in the Isle of ... London, 1705. ►The high-church legion: or, the Memorial examin’d. Being, a new test of moderation. ... London, 1705. ►A journey to the world in the moon, &c: by the author of the true-born English-man. [Edinburgh ], [1705]. ►A second volume of the writings of the author of The true-born Englishman. Some whereof never before printed. Corrected and enlarged by the author. London, 1705.
1706	• Marlborough defeated the French at Ramillies.	►The case of Protestant dissenters in Carolina, shewing how a law to prevent occasional conformity there, has ended in the total subversion of the ... London, 1706. ►Caledonia, &c. A poem in honour of Scotland, and the Scots nation. In three parts. Edinburgh, 1706. ►D’ foe’s answer to the Quakers catechism: or, a dark lanthorn for a friend of the light. London, 1706. An enquiry into the disposal of the equivalent. [Edinburgh], [1706]. ►An essay at removing national prejudices against a union with Scotland. To be continued during the treaty here. Part II. London, 1706. ►An essay at removing national prejudices against a Union with Scotland. To be continued during the treaty here. Part I. London, 1706. ►An essay, at removing national prejudices, against a Union with England. Part III. By the author of the two first, [Edinburgh], 1706. ►A fourth essay, at removing national prejudices; with some reply to Mr. H---dges and some other authors, ... [Edinburgh?], 1706. ►A hymn to peace. Occasion’d, by the two Houses joining in one address to the Queen. By the author of The true-born English-man. London, 1706. ►Jure divino: a satyr. In twelve books. By the author of ►Observations on the fifth article of the treaty of union, humbly offered to the consideration of the Parliament, relating to foreign ships. [Edinburgh], [1706]. ►Remarks on the bill to prevent frauds committed by bankrupts. With observations on the effect it may have upon trade. London, 1706. ►Remarks on the Letter to the author of the state-memorial. London, 1706. ►A reply to a pamphlet entituled, The L---d H------’s vindication of his speech, &c. By the author of the Review. London, 1706. ►A reply to the Scots answer, to the British vision. [Edinburgh], [1706]. ►The state of the excise after the union, compared with what it is now. [Edinburgh], 1706. ►A true relation of the apparition of one Mrs. Veal, the next day after her death: to one Mrs. Bargrave at Canterbury. The 8th of September, 1705. London, 1706. ►The vision, a poem. Being an answer to the Lord Beilhaven's speech. By a person of quality. [London], 1706. ►Caledonia, a poem in honour of Scotland, and the Scots nation. In three parts. London, 1707.
1707	• The Act of Union united England and Scotland under the name "Great Britain" (abolishing the Parliament of Scotland and locating the Scottish government in England), confirmed the Act of Settlement, ensured free trade and navigation for all parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, declared the same trade restrictions and taxes for all parts of Great Britain, declared that 16 Scottish peers would sit in the House of Lords and 45 representatives would sit in the House of Commons, etc.	►The dissenters in England vindicated from some reflections in a late pamphlet, entituled, Lawful prejudices, &c. [Edinburgh], [1707]. ►The dissenters vindicated; or, a short view of the present state of the Protestant religion in Britain, as it is now profess’d in the Episcopal ... London, MDCVII [1707]. ►Dyers news examined as to his Sweddish memorial against the Review. [Edinburgh], [1707]. ►The fifteen comforts of a Scotch-man. Written by Daniel D’Foe in Scotland. London, 1707. ►A fifth essay, at removing national prejudices; with a reply to some authors, who have printed their objections against an Union with England. [Edinburgh?], 1607 [1707]. ►An historical account of the bitter sufferings, and melancholly circumstances of the episcopal church in Scotland, under the barbarous usage and ... Edinburgh, 1707. ►Presbyterian persecution examined. With an essay on the nature and necessity of toleration in Scotland. Edinburgh, 1707. ►The Quakers sermon on the union: being the only sermon preach’d and printed, by that sort of people, on that subject. London, 1707. ►Root and branch: or, a collection of some remarkable passages out of a late pamphlet, entituled, The dissenters vindicated, or, a short view of ... [London?], [1707?]. ►The trade of Britain stated; being the substance of two papers published in London on occasion of the importation of wine and brandy from ... [Edinburgh], [1707]. ►Two great questions considered, I. What is the obligation of Parliaments to the addresses or petitions of the people, ... [Edinburgh], 1707.
1708	• The Duke of Marlborough defeated the French at Oudenarede. Queen Anne vetoed a bill to recognize the Scottish Militia--the last time a monarch used the veto for an act of Parliament. • The Tories lost favor, and Anne began to support the Whig Junto.	►An answer to a paper concerning Mr. De Foe, against his History of the union. [Edinburgh ], [1708]. ►A memorial to the nobility of Scotland, who are to assemble in order to choose the sitting peers for the Parliament of Great Britain. Edinburgh, 1708. ►Reflections on the prohibition act: wherein the necessity, usefulness and value of that law, are evinced and demonstrated. In answer to a letter ... London, 1708. ►Scotland in danger, or, a serious enquiry into the dangers which Scotland has been in, is now in, or may be in since the union: ... [Edinburgh ], [1708].
1709	• Marlborough defeated the French at the Battle of Malplaquet. • Henry Sacheverell, a High Church Anglican clergyman, preached two highly inflammatory sermons against the Revolution Settlement, and nonconformity in general; despite much popular support, he was impeached by the government, and forbidden to preach for three years.	►A commendatory sermon preach’d November the 4th, 1709. Being the birth-day of King William, of glorious memory. By Daniel de Foe. London, [1709]. ►The history of the union of Great Britain. Edinburgh, 1709. ►The Scot’s narrative examin’d; or, the case of the episcopal ministers in Scotland stated, and the late treatment of them in the city of ... London, 1709.
1710	• Sacheverell was tried and impeached. • A Tory Ministry was formed under the leadership of Harley (with fall of the Whig Junto on account of the impeachment of Sacheverell).	►Advertisement from Daniel De Foe, to Mr. Clark. [Edinburgh], [1710]. ►An answer to The tale of a nettle. Written by D. D’Foe. Oxford [i.e.London?], 1710. ►An essay upon loans: or, an argument proving that substantial funds settled by Parliament, ... London, 1710. ►An essay upon publick credit: being an enquiry how the publick credit comes to depend upon the change of the ministry, ... The third edition. London, 1710. ►Greenshields out of prison and toleration settled in Scotland, or the case of Mr. Greenshields, farther examin’d. With some enquiry into the ... London, 1710. ►A letter to Mr. Bisset, eldest brother of the collegiate church of St. Catherines; in answer to his remarks on Dr. Sacheverell’s sermon. Wherein ... [Dublin], 1710. ►A new test of the sence [sic] of the nation: being a modest comparison between the addresses to the late King James, and those to Her present ... London, 1710. ►A word against a new election, that the people of England may see the happy difference between English liberty and French slavery; ... [London], 1710.
1711	• The Duke of Marlborough was dismissed (part of the struggles between Whig and Tory); the Tories began to look for ways to disengage from the War of the Spanish Succession. • Robert Harley was appointed Lord High Treasurer. • The Act of Occasional Conformity was passed. • The South Sea Company was incorporated.	►The ballance of Europe: or, an enquiry into the respective dangers of giving the Spanish monarchy to the Emperour as well as to King Philip, ... Edinburgh, 1711. ►The British visions: or, Isaac Bickerstaff, Sen. Being twelve prophesies for the year 1711. Enter’d into the hall-book of the Company of Stationers. [London], 1711. Captain Tom’s remembrance to his old friends the mobb of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Wapping. [London], [1711]. ►An essay at a plain exposition of that difficult phrase a good peace. By the author of the Review. [London], 1711. ►An essay on the history of parties, and persecution in Britain; beginning, with a brief account of the Test-Act, ... London, 1711. ►An essay upon the trade to Africa, in order to set the merits of that cause in a true light and bring the disputes between the African Company ... [London], 1711. ►Reasons why this nation ought to put a speedy end to this expensive war; with a brief essay, at the probable conditions on which the peace now ... The second edition. [London], 1711. ►The representation of the Lower House of Convocaion [sic] of the English clergy examined: being remarks on the present state of religion now in ... [Edinburgh], 1711. ►A seasonable caution to the General Assembly. In a letter from a Member of Parliament of North-Britain, to a minister in Scotland: ... [Edinburgh?], 1711. ►The secret history of the October Club: from its original to this time. By a member. The second edition. London, [1711]. ►A spectators address to the Whigs, on the occasion of the stabbing Mr. Harley. [London], 1711. ►The succession of Spain consider’d: or, a view of the several interests of the princes and powers of Europe, as ►they respect the succession of ... London, 1711. ►The true state of the case between the government and the creditors of the navy, &c: as it relates to the South-Sea-trade. And the justice of the ... London, 1711. ►A true account of the design, and advantages of the South-Sea trade: with answers to all the objections rais'd against it. ... London, 1711.
1712		►A collection of original papers and material transactions, concerning the late great affair of the union between England and Scotland. Also an ... London, 1712. ►An enquiry into the danger and consequences of a war with the Dutch. London, 1712. ►An essay on the South-Sea trade. ... London, 1712 [1711]. ►A farther search into the conduct of the allies, and the late ministry, as to peace and war. Containing also a reply to the several letters and ... London, 1712. ►A further search into the conduct of the allies, and the late ministry, as to peace and war. Containing also a reply to the several letters and ... London, 1712. ►The Highland visions, or the Scots new prophecy: declaring in twelve visions what strange things shall come to pass in the year 1712. ... London, 1712. ►Imperial gratitude, drawn from a modest view of the conduct of the Emperor Ch...es VI. and the King of Spain Ch...es III. ... Being a farther ... London, 1712. ►The present state of the parties in Great Britain: particularly an enquiry into the state of the Dissenters in England, ... London, 1712. ►Reasons against fighting. Being an inquiry into this great debate, whether it is safe for Her Majesty, or her ministry, ... [London], 1712. ►The validity of the renunciations of former powers, enquired into, and the present renuncniation of the Duke of Anjou, impartially considered. ... London, 1712. ►The history of the Jacobite clubs: with the grounds of their hopes from the p-t m-y: as also a caveat against the Pretender. London, 1712.
1713	• The Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession but was very controversial. The Whigs accused the Tory administration of giving too much to the French.	Defoe, who had written in favor of prosecuting the war now wrote in favor of the peace. ►And what if the Pretender should come? Or, some considerations of the advantages and real consequences of the Pretender's possessing the crown of ... London, 1713. ►An answer to a question that no body thinks of, viz. But what if the Queen should die? London, 1713. ►A collection of the most remarkable casualties and disasters, which happen'd in the late dreadful tempest, both by sea and land, on Friday the ... The second edition. London, [1713]. ►Considerations upon the eighth and ninth articles of the treaty of commerce and navigation, now publish’d by authority. With some enquiries into ... London, 1713. ►An essay on the treaty of commerce with France: with necessary expositions. London, 1713. ►Extracts from several Mercators; being considerations on the state of the British trade. Dublin, 1713. ►Memoirs of Count Tariff, &c. London, 1713. Reasons against the succession of the House of Hanover, with an enquiry how far the abdication of King James, supposing it to be legal, ought to ... The fourth edition. London, 1713. ►Reasons concerning the immediate demolishing of Dunkirk: being a serious enquiry into the state and condition of that affair. London, 1713. ►The second-sighted Highlander: or, predictions and foretold events: especially about the peace. By the famous Scots Highlander. Being ten new ... [London], [1713]. ►Some thoughts upon the subject of commerce with France. By the author of the Review. London, 1713. ►Union and no union. Being an enquiry into the grievances of the Scots. And how far they are right or wrong, who alledge that the union is dissolved. London, 1713. ►A view of the real dangers of the succession, from the peace with France: being a sober enquiry into the securities proposed in the articles of ... London, 1713. ►A General history of trade, and especially consider'd as it respects the British commerce, as well at home, as to all parts of the world. ... London [England], 1713. ►The trade of Scotland with France, consider'd in two letters directed to the author of the Mercator. Edinburgh, 1713.
1714	• The Schism Act is passed, preventing nonconformists from keeping or teaching school; it is largely ineffective. • Queen Anne dies, and, in the wake of a great deal of political maneuvring, the Tory government falls. Last minute plotting by Jacobites is insufficient to prevent the Hanoverian Succession, as George I ascends to the Crown. Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, and powerful Tory minister, escapes to France to avoid impeachment. Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. She is succeeded by her distant cousin,	►Advice to the people of Great Britain, with respect to two important points of their future conduct. I. What they ought to expect from the King. ... London, 1714. ►A brief survey of the legal liberties of the dissenters: and how far the bill now depending consists with preserving the toleration inviolably: ... Edinburgh, 1714. ►A letter to the dissenters. Dublin, 1714. ►A letter to the Whigs, expostulating with them upon their present conduct: wherein, ... London, 1714. ►Reasons for im- the L--d H--- T----r, and some others of the p- m- [London], [1714]. ►The Scots nation and union vindicated; from the reflections cast on them, in an infamous libel, entitl’d, The publick spirit of the Whigs, &c. ... London, 1714. ►The secret history of the White Staff, being an account of affairs under the conduct of some late ministers, and of what might probably have ... London, 1714. ►A view of the real danger of the Protestant succession. London, 1714. ►The weakest go to the wall, or the dissenters sacrific’d by all parties: being a true state of the dissenters case, as it respects either ... London, 1714.
1714	George I (the Elector George of Hanover) succeeded to the throne (as determined by the Act of Settlement). The new Parliament had a Whig majority. It was led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole. [Townshend and Walpole were brothers in law.]
1715	• Four Tory ministers, including Harley, were impeached by the new Whig government. • The Jacobite Rebellion, known as the "Fifteen," began in Scotland (and then in England). The aim of the Jacobites was to displace George I and crown a Stuart--James II's son ("the old Pretender) (who had been recognized by Louis XIV as James III). The rebellion was put down, and the Hanoverian succession stabilized (George I, II, III were Hanoverians.) • Louis XIV died, changing the profile of the Stuarts, who held their court in exile in France under his protection. • Septinniel Act increased the time between general elections from 3 to 5 years, thus amending the Triennial Act of 1694.	►An account of the great and generous actions of James Butler, (late Duke of Ormond.) Dedicated to the famous University of Oxford. London, [1715]. ►An appeal to honour and justice, tho’ it be of his worst enemies. By Daniel De Foe. Being a true account of his conduct in publick affairs. London, 1715. ►A defence of Mr. Withers’s History of resistance: or, a new test of the Church of England’s loyalty. London, 1715. ►The family instructor in three parts; I. Relating to fathers and children. II. To masters and servants. III. To husbands and wives. The second edition. Corrected by the author. London, 1715. ►A friendly epistle by way of reproof from one of the people called Quakers, to Thomas Bradbury, a dealer in many words. The third edition. London, 1715. ►The political sow-gelder, or, the castration of Whig and Tory. London, 1715. ►The second-sighted Highlander. Being four visions of the eclypse, and something of what may follow. London, 1715. ►A sharp rebuke from one of the people called Quakers to Henry Sacheverell, the high-priest of Andrew’s Holbourn. By the same Friend that wrote to ... The third edition. London, 1715. ►A view of the Scots rebellion: with some enquiry what we have to fear from them? And what is the properest method to take with them? London, 1715. ►Hanover or Rome: shewing the absolute necessity of assisting His Majesty with such a sufficient force, as may totally extinguish the hopes of the ... Dublin, 1715.
1716		►The conduct of some people, about pleading guilty, with some reasons why it was not thought proper to shew mercy to some who desir’d it. Dublin, 1716. ►An essay upon buying and selling of speeches. In a letter to a worshipfull Justice of the Peace, ... London, 1716. ►Some considerations on a law for triennial parliaments. With an enquiry, I. ... London, 1716. ►A trumpet blown in the north, and sounded in the ears of John Eriskine, call’d by the men of the world, Duke of Mar. By a ministring friend of ... [London], 1716 [1715].
1717	•George I dismissed Townshend, and Walpole resigned, causing a split within the Whig party. • Impeachment of Harley, now Earl of Oxford, was halted.	►The conduct of Christians made the sport of infidels. In a letter from a Turkish merchant at Amsterdam to the Grand Mufti at Constantinople: ... London, 1717. ►A curious little oration, deliver’d by Father Andrew, concerning the present great quarrels that divide the clergy of France. Translated from the ... The second edition. London, 1717. ►The danger of court differences: or, the unhappy effects of a motley ministry: occasion’d by the report of changes at court. London, 1717. ►A declaration of truth to Benjamin Hoadley, one of the high priests of the land, and of the degree whom men call bishops. By a ministring friend, ... Dublin, 1717. ►Fair payment no spunge: or, some considerations on the unreasonableness of refusing to receive back money lent on publick securities. And the ... London, 1717. ►Memoirs of some transactions during the late ministry of Robert E. of Oxford. London, 1717. ►Memoirs of the Church of Scotland, in four periods. ... With an appendix, of some transactions since the Union. London, 1717. ►Minutes of the negotiations of Monsr. Mesnager at the court of England, towards the close of the last reign. ... Written by himself. ... London, 1717. ►The quarrel of the school-boys at Athens, as lately acted at a school near Westminster. London, 1717. ►Secret memoirs of a treasonable conference at S..... House, for deposing the present ministry, and making a new turn at court. London, 1717. ►Some national grievances, viz. The unequalness of court preferments. The keeping up the army. The S------l Act. ... Considered and fairly ... London, 1717. ►What if the Swedes should come? With some thoughts about keeping the army on foot, whether they come or not. London, 1717. ►A farther argument against ennobling foreigners, in answer to the two parts of the State anatomy: with a short account of the anatomizer. London, 1717.
1718	• France and England declared war upon Spain.	►The case of the war in Italy stated: ... London, 1718 [1717]. ►The conduct of Christians made the sport of infidels. In a letter from a Turkish merchant at Amsterdam to the Grand Mufti at Constantinople. ... Dublin, 1718. ►A continuation of Letters written by a Turkish spy at Paris. Giving an impartial account to the divan at ►Constantinople of the most remarkable ... London, 1718. ►A history of the last session of the present Parliament. With a correct list of both houses. London, 1718.
1719	• The Occasional Conformity and Schism Acts were repealed.	►The anatomy of Exchange-Alley: or, a system of stock-jobbing. Proving that scandalous trade, as it is now carry'd on, to be knavish in its ... London, 1719. ►A brief state of the question between the printed and painted callicoes, and the woollen and silk manufacture, ... London, 1719. ►The life and strange surprizing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, mariner: who lived eight and twenty years all alone in an un-inhabited ... The third edition. London, 1719. ►The farther adventures of Robinson Crusoe, being the second and last part of his life, and strange surprizing accounts of his travels round three ... London, 1719. ►A friendly rebuke to one Parson Benjamin; particularly relating to his quarrelling with his own church, and vindicating the Dissenters. ... London, 1719. ►The just complaint of the poor weavers truly represented, with as much answer as it deserves, to a pamphlet lately written against them entitled ... London, 1719. ►The history of the reign of King George, from the death of her late Majesty Queen Anne, to the first of August, 1718. ... To be continued yearly. London, 1719 [1718].
1720	• The South Sea Company offered to assume a large portion of the National Debt, and is accepted by Parliament; the company's stocks soar, as stock-market fever sweeps the nation. The "South Sea Bubble" bursts, however, and share prices tumble, ruining many investors. The ensuing political scandal and crisis topples the government. •Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie" or "the Young Pretender," was born. • Ggin drinking in London began to increase seriously. Cheap gin became an object of satire and a topic of conversation among moralists.	►The case fairly stated between the Turky Company and the Italian merchants. By a merchant. London, 1720. ►The chimera: or, the French way of paying national debts, laid open. Being an impartial account of the proceedings in France, ... London, 1720. ►The life, adventures, and pyracies, of the famous Captain Singleton: ... London, 1720. ►Memoirs of a cavalier: or a military journal of the wars in Germany, and the wars in England; from the year 1632, to the year 1648. ... London, [1720]. ►Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his vision of the angelick world. Written by himself. London, 1720. ►The trade to India critically and calmly consider'd, and prov'd to be destructive to the general trade of Great Britain, ... London, 1720. ►?The South-Sea scheme examin'd: and the reasonableness thereof demonstrated. By a hearty well-wisher to publick credit. The second edition. London, 1720.
1721	• Robert Walpole became First Lord of the Treasury. His mission was to rescue the government from the devastating effects of the South Sea Bubble. He stayed in office until 1742.	►The case of Mr. Law, truly stated. In answer to a pamphlet, entitul’d, A letter to Mr. Law. Lonon [sic], 1721 ►The genuine works of Mr. Daniel D'Foe, author of The true-born English-man, a satyr. ... London, [1721].
1722	• The Duke of Marlborough. died. •A Jacobite consipiracy--Atterbury's plot--was discovered. Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, went to France. Walpole used this to strengthen his own position and to expose the Tories. •A plan was set up to create new coins in Ireland--without consultation with the Irish Parliament in order to create the new coins. This plan and this transaction became a political crisis because of Jonathan Swift. See the Drapier's Letters. This is outside our course material, but it is remarkably interesting. (The Duchess of Kendal also appears in the political allegory of Gulliver's Travels. She is the tall, thin mistress, called the "maypole." See Lecture II.	►Due preparations for the plague, as well for soul as body. Being some seasonable thoughts upon the visible approach of the present dreadful ... London, 1722. ►The fortunes and misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders, &c. Who was born in Newgate, ... Written from her own memorandums. London, MDDCXXI [1722]. ►A journal of the plague year: being observations or memorials, of the most remarkable occurrences, as well publick as private, which happened in ... London, 1722. ►Religious courtship: being historical discourses, on the necessity of marrying religious husbands and wives only. As also of husbands and wives ... London, 1722. ►The history and remarkable life of the truly honourable Col. Jacque, commonly call’d Col. Jack, who was born a gentleman, put ’prentice to a ... London, 1723.
1723	• Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, returned from exile.
1724		►The fortunate mistress: or, a history of the life and vast variety of fortunes of Mademoiselle de Beleau, afterwards call’d the Countess de ... [Roxana] London, 1724. ►The great law of subordination consider’d; or, the insolence and unsufferable behaviour of servants in England duly enquir’d into. ... In ten ... London, 1724. ►A general history of the pyrates, from their first rise and settlement in the island of Providence, to the present time. ... The second edition, with considerable additions. London, 1724 (Charles Johnson, psued.)
1725		►Every-body’s business, is no-body’s business; or, private abuses, publick grievances: exemplified in the pride, insolence, and exorbitant wages ... London, 1725. ►A general history of discoveries and improvements, in useful arts, particularly in the great branches of commerce, navigation, and plantation, in ... London, [1725-26]. ►A new voyage round the world, by a course never sailed before. Being a voyage undertaken by some merchants, ... London, 1725. ►The complete English tradesman, in familiar letters; directing him in all the several parts and progressions of trade. ... London, 1726 [1725].
1726		►The behaviour of servants in England inquired into. ... London, [1726?] ►A brief case of the distillers, and of the distilling trade in England, shewing how far it is the interest of England to encourage the said trade, ... London, M.DCC.XXVI. [1726]. ►The political history of the Devil, as well ancient as modern: in two parts. Part I. Containing a state of the ►Devil’s circumstances, ... from ... London, 1726. ►Unparallel’d cruelty: or, the tryal of Captain Jeane of Bristol. Who was convicted at the Old Bailey for the murder of his cabbin-boy, ... To ... London, 1726.
1727	• Famine strikes Ireland, causing great hardship, and lasting until 1729. • George I died.	►A brief deduction of the original, progress, and immense greatness of the British woollen manufacture: with an enquiry whether it be not at ... London, 1727. ►Conjugal lewdness: or, matrimonial whoredom. London, MDCCXXVII. [1727]. ►An essay on the history and reality of apparitions. Being an account of what they are, and what they are not; whence they come, and whence they ... London, 1727. ►An essay on the history and reality of apparitions. Being an account of what they are, and what they are not; whence they come, and whence they ... London, 1727. ►The evident advantages to Great Britain and its allies from the approaching war: especially in matters of trade. To which is added two curious ... London, 1727. ►The evident approach of a war; and something of the necessity of it, in order to establish peace and preserve trade. To which is added, an exact ... The second edition. London, 1727. ►The Protestant monastery: or, a complaint against the brutality of the present age. Particularly the pertness and insolence of our youth to aged ... London, 1727 [1726]. ►A supplement to The complete English tradesman, containing I. A warning against tradesmens borrowing money upon interest. ... IV. Of keeping a ... London, 1727. ►A treatise concerning the use and abuse of the marriage bed: shewing I. The nature of matrimony, its sacred original, and the true meaning of its ... London, M.DCC.XXVII. [1727].
1727	•George II succeeded to the throne.
1728	• Irish Catholics were deprived of the right to vote.	►Augusta triumphans: or, the way to make London the most flourishing city in the universe. First, by establishing an university ... London, 1728. ►A plan of the English commerce. Being a compleat prospect of the trade of this nation, as well the home trade as the foreign. ... Humbly affered ... London, 1728. ►Some considerations on the reasonableness and necessity of encreasing and encouraging the seamen. Founded on the gracious expressions, in their ... London, 1728. ►A system of magick; or, a history of the black art. Being an historical account of mankind’s most early dealing with the Devil; and how the ... London, 1728.
1729	• The first bill to control the consumption of gin was passed.	►The advantages of peace and commerce; with some remarks on the East-India trade. London, 1729. ►Second thoughts are best: or, a further improvement of a late scheme to prevent street robberies: ... with some thoughts for suppressing ... London, 1729 [1728]. ►The secrets of the invisible world disclos'd: or, an universal history of apparitions sacred and prophane, under all denominations; whether, ... London, 1729. ►Some objections humbly offered to the consideration of the Hon. House of Commons, relating to the present intended relief of prisoners. London, 1729.
1730	Walpole and Townshed had a fundamental political disagreement.	►A brief state of the inland or home trade, of England; and of the oppressions it suffers, ... London, 1730. ►Chickens feed capons: or a dissertation on the pertness of our youth in general, especially those trained up at tea-tables; ... Written by a ... The fourth edition. With a preface in vindication of the author. London, 1731 [1730]. ►A new voyage round the world. London, [1730?].
1731		Defoe died. ►The generous projector, or a friendly proposal to prevent murder and other enormous abuses, ... London, 1731.

1734		►Curious and diverting journies, thro' the whole island of Great-Britain. Containing, I. ... London, 1734. ►An ecclesiastical history of Scotland. Containing the state of the church of that nation, from the time of Queen Mary to the union ... London, 1734.

1736		►Minutes of the negotiation of Monsr. Mesnager at the court of England, during the four last years of the reign of Her late Majesty Q. Anne. ... The second edition. London, 1736.
	Much later Posthumous publication	►The Compleat English Gentleman (1890) & ►Of Royall Education (1895).